The Balance of Power and the Congress of Vienna - 2635 Words

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) No event epitomizes the state of Europe in the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars as well as the Congress of Vienna held between 1814-1815. The culmination of centuries of European political tradition, the Congress was in many ways the last gasp of monarchy in Europe, as the royal houses tried to restore the Europe they once knew and ensure that their way of politics and society would be sustained even in the face of the radical wave of change foreshadowed by the French Revolution. At that time of the Congress Europe was in a state of disarray. The French Revolution that erupted in 1792, Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power and the subsequent wars had not only proven†¦show more content†¦Once in full swing, the Congress quickly moved into its first phase, the negotiations over Napoleon’s Duchy of Warsaw, otherwise known as Poland. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had been partitioned between 1772 to 1795 amongst Hapsburg Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Alexander I, demanding compensation for Russia’s efforts against Napoleon pushed for a plan in which the Prussian and Austrian controlled sections of Poland would be combined into a new Kingdom of Poland under Russian control. In exchange for ceding their Polish territories, Prussia would be given the entire kingdom of Saxony, and Austria would be compensated with extensive holdings in northern Italy. (Gulick) This proposition led to the bitterest conflicts at the Congress in what was dubbed the Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Coalition quickly broke into two opposing camps with Great Britain and Austria in opposition to the Russian proposition, and Russia and Prussia in support of it. Metternich’s reasons for opposing Russian hegemony over Poland were the most pressing. Russian control of Poland meant that the Hapsburg Empire would have to share its north and northeastern borders with Russian soldiery. Likewise, if Prussia were to come into possession of Saxony then the northern perimeter of the Empire would be even more susceptible to invasion, and the already strong political bondShow MoreRelatedVienna Settlement903 Words   |  4 Pagesfar did the Vienna Settlement contribute to maintaining the peace in Europe in the period 1815-1914? The Vienna Settlement refers to a series of agreements made by the European powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. As the peace terms with France had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris (signed earlier on May 30, 1814), the Congress of Vienna was mainly concerned with solving the problems brought about by the Napoleonic wars. To solve these problems, the four European powers reached certainRead MoreThe Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, â€Å"the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history† (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives wasRead MoreThe Power Of The Great Powers Of Great Britain1650 Words   |  7 PagesUsing Europe as essentially a blank tablet on which to create their own Balance of Power, the Great Powers of Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia (with France, the defeated power, playing a lesser role) re-drew the map. There had been other pressing matters to settle: the rights of German Jews, the abolition of the slave trade and navigation on European rivers, not to mention the restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples, the constitution of Switzerland, issues ofRead MoreWhat Challenges Did The Peacemakers At Vienna Face And How Effective Were Their Solu tions?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe peacemakers at Vienna face and how effective were their solutions? Charles Stewart, half-brother to Castlereagh –the principle British diplomat to the Congress of Vienna wrote ‘if we consider the power of Russia†¦what may we not fear from her?’ in response to the situation of high tension created in the Congress of Vienna. The peacemakers at Vienna had two major aims; to main a ‘balance of power’ throughout Europe, and to prevent France from ever reaching the level of power it had held underRead MoreChapter 21: Reaction, Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850845 Words   |  4 Pagesthis Quadruple Alliance restored the Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII and agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. II. The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich. The Principle of Legitimacy I. Metternich claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. B. To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, he considered it necessary toRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat power in Europe. Nationalism helped France to develop a national language which was taught in schools to replace local dialects. This unification of language helped the people of France to feel closer to each other, with more in common. It also helped the country in its economics and politics. As Napoleon conquered more areas in Europe, Nationalism rose. Nationalism is what led to the unification and creation of countries within Europe. It also brought about the idea that the power of aRead MoreDisadvantages Of Vienna Congress791 Words   |  4 Pages The Vienna Congress, which brought together all the major European powers of the time, led on 9 June 1815 to the signing of the final act of the Congress of Vienna, a document of one hundred and twenty-one articles written in three hundred leaflets throwing the foundations of a new order. Among the innovations agreed in Vienna were new rules governing diplomatic relations, such as the official titles given to the various categories of State representatives and the precedence of States in alphabeticalRead MoreThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (in short, Talleyrand) was born in February 1754 in Paris into a family background of power, ancient nobility, and wealth since his father held a high position in the French Royal army. Since his childhood, Talleyrand suffered from certain physical distortion in the feet that contributed to an impaired physical mobility. As a result, he had some limitations on his possible future career to an extent that he was formallyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And The Great Period Of Peace1831 Words   |  8 Pageswould rely more on naked power than on shared values† (Kissinger, 1994 page 94). In world history we can reflect on two treaties that had the intention to achieve the same goal of stability; however they had diverse approaches. Henry Kissinger and other proponents of The Congress of Vienna argue that the great period of peace in Europe, between all great powers, was successful in creating longevity in peace due to the realist theories encompassed in The Congress of Vienna. Further, many realists alsoRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte and his downfall, and the new order brought about by the Congress of Vienna; central to these changes were Enlightenment influence, nationalism, and France s relations with other countries. However, despite the great social upheavals of this time period, gender roles

The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America

1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and is a perfect example of how the upper class becomes billionaires. The wealth Disparity can also be seen in areas like Sao Paulo, Brazil with their slums. With this wage gap, crime started to flourish in Latin amerce along with corruption. Some of the best examples of crime and corruption are the Colombian drug cartels with their widespread murder and bribery tactics. Politic violence also affected Latin America like revolutions and other up raising the government would shift and political power would change every few years. The common assassination of politic enemies for cartels often changed the Latin America diplomatic landscape. 2. How did Peru and Nicaragua differ in terms of Indian acceptance of leftism in the 1970s and 1980s? Why? In the 1980’s Peru was a hotbed of leftist activity due to the fact of Peru majority was contested of Indians who lived in poverty. Some of the reasons for the left wing politics were debated the inequality, social privilege and Marginalization theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America?889 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and isRead MoreMy Presentation On Cultural Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesworld that provides the people with knowledge thr ough technology like for instance Japan, which is a huge developing country. A country’s cultural development is measured by The Human Development Index (HDI) that gives an overall of its social and economic situation to include life expectancy at birth, adjusted gross domestic product per capita, and education within the schooling and literacy system. I’m sure that all of us at some point want to know our backgrounds of where and how culture developedRead MoreEssay on Import Substitution Industrialization1742 Words   |  7 PagesAround the 1930s, Brazil and Latin American began following the process of Import Substitution Industrialization, which lasted until the end of the 1980s. The ISI policies devaluated the currency in order to boost exports and discourage imports, followed by adopting different exchange rates for goods (Watkins). ISI in Brazil had an interesting effect; it created a three-prong system of governmental, private, and foreign capital being direc ted at the infrastructure and heavy industry, manufacturingRead MoreA Country Risk Assessments, Mitigation Strategies And Analysis For Myanmar, Mexico And Turkey Countries1741 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMER 2015 CM 565 MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS Assignment: Political and Economic Situation ___________________________________________________________ NOTE: Complete country risk assessments, mitigation strategies and analysis for Myanmar, Mexico and Turkey Countries are based considering Acme Overseas Contractors. 1. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL RISKS IN EACH COUNTRY: (a.) Myanmar (Burma): Political Structure: Myanmar has been ruled by the military Junta from mid 20th century toRead MoreColombia Essay.1417 Words   |  6 PagesColombia is a country in South America in the northwestern part of the continent. Colombia has a lot of natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is known for its political unrest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels. Despite a long history of democratic government, Colombia has one of the most rigidly stratified class systems in Latin America. Colombia is the only country in South America with coasts on both the Caribbean SeaRead MoreRural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts with the right mix of policies, this process can occur at a socially acceptable level. However, the misrepresentation of opportunities in favor of cities in most developing countries, the costs associated with r ural-urban migration often outweigh the benefits, which lead to excessive urbanization with special emphasis on the causes and consequences of rural-urban migration, and their relationship with urbanization and economic growth. Keeping intoRead MoreThe Quest For Room By William Barney1151 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In William Barney’s article, â€Å"The Quest for Room,† he analyzes the differing opinions between the North and South regarding the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired Western territories. The author argues that the West would have been important to slaveholders as a place to expand slavery if the territories had not been free-soil. The reason for this article was to show us how prominent the sectional differences were in the nineteenth century because of the argument over slaveryRead MoreDeveloped and Developing Countries1618 Words   |  7 Pages Have you ever heard of developed countries and developing countries, or first world and third world countries? Just a basic overview before I go into detail, developed countries have a matured financial system, this includes the US and Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. Developing countries are emerging markets across Asia, Latin America and Africa. And undeveloped countries ar e mainly African nations which remain vastly poor, such as Mali and Somalia. BeforeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Pres. Noynoy Aquino’s Government1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world in the late 1980s including Latin America and eastern Europe. Cory Aquino’s Presidency and that of her Christian-Democrat successor Fidel Ramos brought a period of relative democratic stability, and some economic growth, to a country that had been plagued for decades by the plunder and undemocratic rule of Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies. However, Ramos was succeeded by the incapable populist and former film actor Joseph Estrada, whose rule was plagued by accusations of corruption and plunderRead MoreWorld Hunger And The Possible Solutions1513 Words   |  7 PagesHunger and the Possible Solutions World hunger has been a problem that has plagued to world for as long as anyone can remember; people have also tried to end it for that long as well. This problem also has the problem of people not understanding it correctly. THE PROBLEM OF WORLD HUNGER HAS YET TO BE APPROACHED SUCCESSFULLY AND ACTION NEEDS TO BE DECISIVELY TAKEN First, it is important to understand that the lack of food is not the problem. The world has been producing enough food for every person

Costs and Diversity of Product

Question: Howmanufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased? Explain. Answer: According to Cooper and Kaplan (1988), as the manufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased, the assumptions of traditional cost system gets violated. They indicated that although, support department costs have been considered fixed but they actually varied and were driven by product-line diversity and complexities of activities (operating) like inspection, handling, set-up etc. This complexity can be handled by the support departments when they are larger and sophisticated. Since, low-volume products associates more with such transactions per unit than the high-volume products, it can result in cross-subsidization that is the high-volume products can be allocated more overhead by subsidizing the low-volume ones. Outputs of support depaartments can increase as most of it involves human activities and eventually, the maximum output of department is reached and further personnel are requested. As this requ est rises with an increase in output, the support department grows intermittently. The cost of complexity concept is not used in the traditional concept of cost systems because both are different methods for allocating overhead costs to products. The traditional cost accounting model or system puzzles the underlying relationship between the ranges of different products produced and the size or magnitude of support departments. Cooper and Kaplan argued that the traditional cost systems used volume related bases in order to allocate manufacturing overhead and hence led to material misreporting of the product costs. Also, as the cost of support departments is treated as fixed, this concept makes it problematic to realize that these costs are varying systematically (Cooper Kaplan, 1988). As the traditional cost accounting systems were not considered accurate because they may result in over-costing or under-costing, Cooper and Kaplan decided to aware people of a comprehensive cost system so that it can incorporate even the long-term variable costs of marketing and manufacturing of every products or product-line, thereby resulting in a much efficient basis for managerial decision-making on discontinuing, pricing, reengineering and introducing product lines. The cost system can also facilitate in the smooth running of a business, hence generating sustainable advantages for the business. Previously, managers in companies made significant decisions on pricing and product mix etc on the basis of distorted information on cost and alternative methods rarely existed to alert the managers about the flaw in cost information (Maher, 2005). Another reason behind this article was that previously management accounting mainly concentrated on cost information for making short-run dec isions and the most relevant aspect of decision on products got avoided (Don Maryanne, 2006). The thinking of people regarding the cost behavior needed to be changed as it was ineffective and hence, two relevant changes needed to be made through this article. Firstly, the cost allocation from the pool of costs to products was required to be achieved as overhead costs were driven by production complexities and not volume of production and secondly, the overhead costs varied with variations in production complexities but these variations were actually intermittent in nature. Hence, to sum up, Cooper and Kaplan wrote this article so that the flaws of the traditional accounting system could be neglected and the benefits of a comprehensive cost system could be informed to the people in order to facilitate better decision making in their processes. is very important in every business whether it be related to pricing, product-mix etc. Accounting managers were making a mistake in their decisions as they relied on the distorted cost information and this paper successfully fulfills its objective in informing people about the relevance of a comprehensive cost system. People must read the paper because it not only comprises of information on the benefits of a comprehensive cost accounting system but also comprises of the flaws that are present in the traditional system of cost accounting (Drury, 2011). Readers can learn that in the present scenario, marketing channels and product lines have become proliferated. Direct labor represents only a small portion of corporate costs whereas marketing expenses, distribution expenses etc have risen but still many of the companies allocate these increasing overhead by their decreasing base of direct labor. These simple approaches are no longer required and can prove dangerous especially in this era of global competition and innovative production technologies (Lanen et. al, 2008). As a matter of fact, people were aware that decision-making was a key factor of the success of a business and many managers were even aware that their systems of accounting distorted product costs but they were unaware of the impact of the decisions they would be making (Horngren, 2011). Hence, an effective system was urgently needed so that the product costs could be measured and could also be assigned to product the costs of complexities. References Cooper, Robin Kaplan, Robert S. How Cost Accounting Distorts Product Costs Management Accounting 69(1988): 10. Print Don R. H Maryanne, M. M. Cost Management Accounting Control. : Thomas South-Western, 2006. Print Drury, C. Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print Horngren, C. Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia, 2011. Print Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W. Fundamentals of cost accounting. NY: Hang Loose press, 2008. Print Maher, L. Fundamentals of Cost Accounting. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Example

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay In answering this question I propose to examine the key areas of leadership, the economy, then see how this affected politics and follow this up by looking at foreign relations. 1924 saw the emergence of two figures in key posts that were to contribute to Weimar stability between these years: Stresemann and Hindenburg. Both had militarist and nationalist backgrounds but similarly both were intelligent enough to realise that co-operation and discourse were preferable to civil war and economic suffering. Stresemann masterminded Germanys period of diplomatic tension and isolation whilst Hindenburg offered a presidency that was balanced and tactfully administered. Both men were acceptable as leaders to the majority of German people for the time being. These men seemed acceptable to the allies whose goodwill was of paramount importance for German to recover between 24-29. Economically, the country re-gained some stability immediately when H. Luther changed the Mark over to the Rentenmark in 24. This was achieved without gold reserves but industry and agriculture offered some security and this was accepted as international currency. Unemployment began to subside and industrial output returned to levels not seen since 1913. Trading agreements (such as the Rappallo with the USSR) offered further investment opportunities abroad. A full return to the gold standard was enabled by the Dawes Plan (loans were also provided) and it also gave the economy breathing space as reparations were scaled down to fit in with economic output. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Politically, this was a quieter time for the Weimar. Why? Simply because the republic seemed to be gaining success. Middle ground parties dominated the Reichstag and the three main nationalist parties (DNVP, NSDAP and KPD) only received 30% of votes cast in the 1927? election. The D. N. V. P was traditionally supported by industrialists, but given the economic upturn most were quite happy to allow the republic run freely. A referendum called for by the NSDAP and others to pillory the government for treason only received 14% of votes cast in favour. 1924 also saw Germany move away from the policy of obstruction and non-co-operation that had dogged the republics early years. Beginning with J. Wirth, a co-operative policy of fulfilment or Erfsfullpolitick was pursued. Stresemann continued this policy with three aims in mind: to modify Versailles; to end German diplomatic isolation and finally to restore sovereignty. By 1931, all three had been more or less achieved. The expressions of the Erfsfullpolitick were a series of pacts and treaties that bore foreign success. As mentioned above, the Rappallo Pact gave the economy a nudge but may also have nudged the allies into a desire to involve Germany more in world affairs in preference to Soviet dominance. The Dawes plan was the first expression and the Young Plan further supported this in 29 (both scaled down reparations). The Locarno Pact ratified Germanys western borders whilst still allowing her to pursue claims in the east. A return to League of Nations membership in 26? Saw the French foreign minister Briand, welcome Stresemann as an equal. The reparations were legally curtailed in 31 after Brunigs application for a Moratorium to the U. S. In conclusion, Weimar political stability between 24-29 can be explained by a combination of inspired leadership, supported by foreign goodwill and input which in turn promoted economic buoyancy which led to political calm.

Summer Prep for Every Grade in High School

What should you do as a high school student over the summer? If thats a question youre asking yourself, relax. Spend your summer break wisely, meaning find a good balance between enjoying your time off to recharge while looking ahead to adequately prepare for the school year. Rising FreshmenStarting freshman year in high school is a very exciting yet potentially overwhelming time. There is a sudden rush of pressure. New students, new teachers, new classes. Plus, college application preparation talk becomes increasingly common. Don’t psych yourself out. While your high school grades are important, your freshman year transcript does not carry as much weight as your latter high school years. So, take this year to really find your footing. Get involved in extracurricular activities you’ve been meaning to explore, and try out for the sports team you’ve always wanted to compete in. There isn’t much for you to prepare other than a positive mindset to start this n ew chapter in your life! Rising SophomoresNow, that you’ve been around the block once, it’s time to get more serious about your courses.Consider what subjects you want to take next year. Are AP classes something you want to consider? Evaluate your freshman year extracurricular involvement. Do you want to continue those or explore new ones? Learn about the SAT ACT standardized tests. This summer is the perfect time for you to reflect on your first year and make a plan for high school. The focus of your preparation this summer is really just re-adjusting your high school plans now that you know what to expect. Then, it’s learning about what opportunities are out there for you after high school. Familiarize yourself with different parts of the college application process. Think about whether college is an option for you. Start considering what you need to do to set yourself up to pursue higher education, if that’s what you want to do. Rising Juniors Things are about to get busy. This summer is best spent on all the heavy lifting prep work you can do, so you can lessen the load during the school year. Plan to meet with your high school counselor. Assess your financial needs if higher education is on the horizon. Learn about FAFSA. Prepare for the SAT/ACT. Whether this means starting to study or just learning about future test dates, get these tests on your radar. Start a rough list of colleges you’re interested in with special focus on the factors that make those colleges interesting to you. Be realistic about your course load and AP classesstrike a healthy balance of course rigor. Understand the different college application programs available to you. This is the first time you should really consider preparing for the SAT or the ACT. By the end of your sophomore year, you’ll have learned most of the concepts tested on both of the exams and will be prepared to start studying. If you need SAT or ACT test prep help, we recommend working with Magoosh. They are an online test prep that can help you reach your target score. To start studying for the SAT or the ACT, it’s important to have a target score you are aiming for. This target score should come from the list of colleges you’re interested in. This doesn’t have to be a set list of colleges you are going to apply to. In fact, this list will probably continue changing until well into your senior year. Your junior year grades matter the most, especially if you’re applying early. Your senior year transcript will not be evaluated yet, so it’s important to have a course load that demonstrates academic rigor without completely overwhelming yourself. Take into account of your extracurriculars, SAT or ACT studying, as well as other obligations; then plan your course schedule accordingly. Rising Seniors Summer before senior year is probably one with a lot more pressure. You’re faced with application deadlines and a seemingly never-ending checklist of things to do to get your college applications done. But, that’s also why you have your summer to prepare and make your senior year as manageable as possible. Plan your college campus visits or find ways to connect with current college students (check out our mentoring feature). Find and apply for scholarships. Brainstorm your college essay. Narrow down your college list. Be realistic about your course load and AP classes for senior year. The summer break gives you a lot of time to really knock a lot of the stuff off your list of to-dos before school starts up again. By now, hopefully, you’ve already taken your SAT or ACT. If not, this would be the opportunity to study for it and take it before school starts. (Magoosh offers a great study plan.) Get a head start on your scholarship applications. You may not yet have narrowed down your college list, so as youre still figuring out where to apply, apply to scholarships over the summer to work toward a financially feasible college outcome. Writing scholarship applications often also inspires students to write their personal statements for college. Just as you would the summer before junior year, you should also evaluate and be realistic about your course schedule for your senior year, especially the fall semester! Keep in mind how much time youll have to dedicate to working on your college applications. You will need to carve out time from any sports and extracurriculars youre committed to. Go with a rigorous schedule that you can handle with all the other competing interests in the Fall. Take advantage of your summer breaks! If you need additional help, you can download our free 4-year PDF guide to help you stay on track. Need profile access? Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you with your application process. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!

Seed priming technique Essays

Seed priming technique Essays Seed priming technique Paper Seed priming technique Paper Abstraction Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen. Priming can be found effectual both for leguminous plants and grain harvests. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soakage ( hydropriming ) , osmo-conditioning ( soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions ) utilizing, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , sodium molybdate ( Na2MO4.2H2O ) and hormonal priming by utilizing salicylic acid ( SA ) . The scopes of osmotic potency for all the priming interventions were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the animation interventions significantly affected works energy, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming utilizing P @ 0.60 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed energy in footings of average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 to 4.51 yearss ) , concluding sprouting per centum ( 74 to 89 % ) root and shoot length and nodulation ( 0 to 4 nodules seedling-1 ) followed by Osmitrol priming ( Mannitol @ 2 % ) . Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the energy of mungbean seedlings as comparison to command. The usage of polythene ethanediol is expensive and gave similar consequences as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in farther experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effectual tool for animation of mungbean seeds, for better growing and seedling constitution. Cardinal words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, Vigna radiata, seedling energy, nodulation Introduction Seed priming is a pattern by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen ( Harris et al. , 2000 ) . Seed priming can be found effectual for legumes i.e. , outputs of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased well by priming seeds for 8 H before seeding ( Harris et al. , 1999 ; Musa et al. , 2001 ; Rashid et al. , 2004 ) . Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ( L. ) Wilczek ) is grown on over 200,000 hour angle with production of more than 100,000 T under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Outputs for the rainfed country are by and large low and variable due to sparse, fickle rainfall and fringy dirts. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent chiefly on surface irrigation but it is besides grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern part of Pakistan rainfall is bare and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation merely. Poor harvest constitution is a major restraint for mungbean production ( Naseem et. al. , 1997 ; Rahmianna et al. , 2000 ) and high outputs can be associated with early energy ( Kumar et al. , 1989 ) . Improved seed animation techniques are being used to cut down the sprouting clip, to acquire synchronised sprouting, better sprouting rate, and better seedling base in many horticultural ( Bradford et al. 1990 ; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998 ) and field harvests like wheat, corn ( Aquilla and Tritto 1991 ; Basra et Al. 2002 ) and more late rice ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These animation techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning ( Basra et al. 2005 ) , osmohardening ( Farooq et al. 2006 ) and indurating ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These interventions can besides be employed for earlier and better babys room base constitution ( Lee et al. 1998 ) . This survey was initiated to research the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming ( salicylic acid ) , alimentary priming ( Phosphorous and molybdenum burden ) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean ( vigna radiata ) seed energy under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed stuff Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 ( CH-MUNG 97 ) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute ( BARI ) , Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by utilizing 30 % hypochlorite for five proceedingss and so washed three times with distilled H2O. Seed Treatments The following seed priming interventions were applied Food priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphoric ( P @ 0.60 A ; 1.20 % ) and molybdate ( Mo @ 0.02 A ; 0.04 % ) . The beginnings for phosphoric and Mo were potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4 ) and sodium molybdate ( Na2MoO4.2H2O ) , severally. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of Osmitrol ( mannitol @ 2 % A ; 4 % ) and polyethylene glycole ( Polyethylene glycol @ 5 % A ; 10 % ) . Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid ( SA @ 10 A ; 20 ppm ) Post intervention operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface rinsing three times by distilled H2O. Aeration was besides applied by pump. Air dried dirt was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The dirt used in the pot experiment was flaxen loam holding pH of 7.9. Dirt was made crumbly by rubing the surface with a two centimeter broad table fork to a deepness of 1-cm of moist dirt. The seeds were besides inoculated before seeding. Ten Numberss of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six workss per pot. Similar sum of H2O applied in regular intervals to all pots under survey. The workss were harvested 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) , and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry affair was eventually determined. The complete randomized design ( CRD ) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) was used to compare intervention agencies. Consequence The information showed that different seed priming interventions had important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence on average outgrowth clip ( MET ) . The average outgrowth clip decreased with the application of seed priming interventions. Maximal average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 yearss ) observed in T1 ( control ) where dry untreated seeds were sown. Minimum ( 4.51 yearss ) MET was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.06 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 ) . All the interventions resulted in lower MET as comparison to command ( 5.52 yearss ) . The information besides revealed similar tendency with regard to fifty per centum ( E50 ) seeds to emerge as of MET. The lowest E50 was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on dry weight of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . The maximal fresh and dry weight was obtained in T5. All the priming interventions increased the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings except T2 and T12. Equally far as concluding sprouting is concerned maximal sprouting was achieved in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . The lowest sprouting per centum was observed in T11 and T12 where polythene ethanediol was applied at the rate of five ( 5 ) and ten ( 10 ) per centum ( Table 1 ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on nodule formation and figure of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . All the priming techniques significantly increased the nodulation of seedlings as comparison to command except T10 and T12. Maximum nodule figure was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) followed by T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) . The information besides depicts that T9 and T11 are at par and T1, T10 and T12 gave similar consequences. The information depicts that seed priming had important impact on the root every bit good as shoot length, 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) . All the priming interventions significantly increased the root every bit good as shoot length of seedlings. The information revealed that T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) and T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) gave the best consequences. The lowest root length ( 4.56 centimeter ) was observed in control. T4 ( Mo @ 0.04 % ) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) and higher from control. Treatment T6 ( P @ 1.2 % ) showed lower root length than T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming utilizing salicylic acid ( SA @ 20 ppm ) besides showed lower root length than T7 ( SA @ 10 ppm ) and at par with T4 and T6. The information besides showed that T10 ( mannitol @ 4 % ) is lower than T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) and at par with T7. The information besides depicts that T12 ( PEG @ 10 % ) showed lower root length as comparison to T11 ( PEG @ 5 % ) whic h showed besides higher root length than all other interventions except T2 and T9 ( Figure 1 ) . Maximal shoot length observed in the T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) followed by T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) . The information besides depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The information besides revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is besides apparent that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 ( Figure 1 ) . T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 besides showed similar consequences. Discussion Earlier and more unvarying sprouting and outgrowth was observed in fit seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher sprouting per centum and root and shoot dry weight ( tables 1 ) . Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid sprouting. These findings support the anterior work on canola ( Brassica compestris ) ( Zheng et al. , 1994 ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Nayyar et al. , 1995 ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) ( Lee and Kim 2000 ; Basra et al. , 2003 ) who described improved sprouting rate and per centum in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 H. This survey revealed that osmo, food and hormonal priming could inspire mungbean seeds. One of the grounds for reduced MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the quiescence of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical procedures commences, which lead to faster sprouting and outgrowth ( Farooq et al. , 2006 ) . Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro amylum molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The handiness of instant nutrient to the shooting seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds ( Farooq et al.,2006 ) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is besides documented ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . Early outgrowth as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of sprouting metabolites ( Saha et al. 1990 ; Lee A ; Kim 2000 ; Basra et Al. 2005 ) and better familial fix, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and p roteins ( Bray et al. 1989 ) . Gray and Steckel ( 1983 ) besides concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early induction of sprouting in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in fit workss can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and decrease of slowdown clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easy emerge from seeds ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . These consequences are besides in line with the findings of Sekiya et Al. ( 2009 ) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To lend to works growing and development seed priming has been widely reported technique ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . Ajouri et Al. ( 2004 ) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, every bit good as an improved sprouting and seedling growing in barley after soaking seeds in H2O and in solutions incorporating 5-500 millimeter P. It has been besides reported fresh seeds had higher energy degrees ( Ruan et al. 2002 ) , which resulted in earlier start of outgrowth as high energies seed tonss performed better than low vigour 1s ( Hampton and Tekrony 1995 ) . Yamauchi and Winn ( 1996 ) besides reported positive correlativity between seed energies and field public presentation in rice. Earlier, Zheng et Al. ( 2002 ) reported earlier and unvarying outgrowth in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and assorted salts under afloat conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous harvest constitution in corn ( Nagar et al. 1998 ) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. ( Grzesik A ; Nowak 1998 ) . However, other surveies resulted in hapless outgrowth from hydroprimed Kentucky blue grass seeds under field conditions ( Pill A ; Necker 2001 ) . However Nascimento and West ( 1999 ) reported early sprouting of fit seeds but non recorded any betterment in the growing of seedlings in sweet melon seeds under research lab conditions. Confusing consequences, where priming did non demo any good consequences, besides reported by different research workers ( Mwale et al. , 2003 ; Giri and Schillinger, 2003 ) . The addition of nodulation, seedling energy and tolerance to emphasiss may depend on assorted factors happening during priming intervention. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . One of the possible grounds for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may ease works growing and energy ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . From the present survey it may be concluded that seed priming may heighten the seedling energy of mungbean. Nutrient priming utilizing phosphoric and osmopriming with Osmitrols were the most efficient priming interventions in this survey. In farther research work biochemical footing for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. Mentions Aquilla D. A. , V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvest home, ageing and osmotic priming. 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M A. , Farooq, M. and Tabassum, R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. and Khaliq, A.2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci.1:5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N.2004.Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Inter. Rice Res.Notes.27:74-75. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33: 623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , M. Farooq and A. Khaliq. 2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in indica rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pakistan J. Life Soc.Sci.1: 5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Zia, M.N. , Mehmood, T. , Afzal, I. and Khaliq, A.2002.Comparision of different animation techniques in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds. Pak. J. Arid Agri.5:11-16. Bose, B. and Mishra, T. 1992. Response of wheat seed to pre-sowing seed interventions with Mg ( NO3 ) . Annals.Agri.Res.13:132-136. Bradford KJ, Steiner JJ, Trawatha SE.1990. Seed priming influence on sprouting and outgrowth of pepper seed tonss. Crop Sci.30:718 721. Bradford, K.J. , 1990. A H2O dealingss analysis of the seed sprouting rates. Plant Physiol.94:840-849. Bray C.M. , P.A. Davison, M. Ashraf, R.M. Taylor, Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds, Ann.Bot.Lond.63:185-193. Bray, C.M. , Davison, P.A. , Ashraf, M. , Taylor, R.M. 1989. Biochemical alterations during osmopriming of leek seeds. Annalss Bot.36:185-193. Chojnowski M. , F. Corbineau, D. C A ; ocirc ; me, Physiological and biochemical alterations induced in helianthus seeds by osmopriming and subsequent drying, storage and ripening, Seed Sci.Res.7:323-331. Coolbear, P. , Francis, A. , Grierson, D.1984.The consequence of low temperature pre-sowing intervention under the sprouting public presentation and membrane unity of unnaturally aged tomato seeds. J.Exp.Bot.35:1609-1617. Rudrapal, D. , S. Nakamura, The consequence of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy. Seed Sci.Tech.16:123-130. Dahal, P. , Bradford, K.J. , 1990. Effectss of priming and endosperm unity on seed sprouting Das, J. C. , and A. K. Choudhury. 1996. Consequence of seed hardening, K fertiliser, and paraquat as anti-transpirant on rainfed wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) . Indian J. Agron. 41:397-400. Duman, I. 2006. Effectss of seed priming with PEG or K3PO4 on Germination and Seedling Growth in Lettuce. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 9 ( 5 ) : 923-928 Ellis, R.A. and E.H. Roberts. 1981. The quantification of ageing and endurance in Orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. and Technol. 9: 373-409 Farooq M, Basra SMA, Cheema MA, Afzal I. 2006. Integration of pre-sowing soakage, chilling and heatingtreatments for energy sweetening in rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.34:499 506. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Ahmad N. 2005. Thermal hardening: A new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. J.Integ.PlantBio.47:87 193. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K, Warriach EA. 2004. The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Int.RiceRes.Notes.29:69 71. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Hafeez K. 2006. Seed animation by osmohardening in all right and harsh rice. Seed Sci.Tech.34:181 187. Farooq M, Basra SMA, Karim HA, Afzal I. 2004. Optimization of seed indurating techniques for rice seed animation. Emir.J.Agric.Sci.16:48 57. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Ahmad, N. 2005.Thermal hardening: a new seed energy enhancement tool in rice. Ac.Bot.Sin.47:187-193. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Hafeez, K and Warriach, E.A. 2004.The influence of high and low temperature interventions on the seed sprouting and seedling energy of coarse and all right rice. Inter. Rice Res.29:69-71. Farooq, M. , Basra, S.M.A. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2006. Evaluation of seed vigour sweetening techniques on physiological and biochemical footing in harsh rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) Seed Sci.Tech.34:741-750. Farooq, M. , S.M. A. Basra and R.Tabassum.2006. Enhancing the public presentation of direct seeded all right rice by seed priming. Plant Prod. Sci.4: 446-456. Fu, J.R. , X.H. Lu, R.Z. Chen, B.Z. Zhang, Z.S. Liu, Z.S. Li, et al. , Osmoconditioning of peanut ( Arachis hypogen L. ) seeds with PEG to better energy and some biochemical activities. Seed Sci.Tech.16:197-212. Giri, G. S and W. F. Schillinger, 2003. Seed priming winter wheat for sprouting, outgrowth and output. Crop Sci. , 43: 2135-2141 Grandi, T.M. , G. J. Marinho, D. A. Lopes, and A. P. Araujo, 1999. Consequence of seed phosphoric concentration on nodulation and growing of three common bean cultivars. J. Plant Nut. 22: 1599-1611. Grzesik M, Nowak J. 1998. Effectss of matriconditioning and hydropriming on Helichrysum bracteatum L. seed sprouting, seedling outgrowth and emphasis tolerance. Seed Sci Technol 26: 363 376. Hampton, J. G. and D. M. Tekrony. 1995. Handbook of ISTA vigour trial methods. 3rd erectile dysfunction. Zurich: ISTA. 10. Jeng TL, Sung JM. 1994. Hydration consequence on lipid peroxidation and peroxide-scavenging enzyme activity of unnaturally aged peanut seeds. Seed Sci Techn. 22: 531 539 Harris, D. 1996. The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, deepness and day of the month of seeding on the outgrowth and early growing of Sorghum bicolor ( L. ) Moench in semi-arid Botswana. Harris, D. 2002. On-farm seed priming for better harvests in fringy countries of developing Soil Tillage Res. 40:73-88. Harris, D. , Joshi, A. , Khan, P. A. , Gothkar, P. and Sodhi, P. S. 1999. On-farm seed priming in semi-arid agribusiness: development and rating in corn, rice and garbanzo in India utilizing participatory methods. Experi.Agri.35:15-29. Harris, D. , Raghuwanshi, B. S. , Gangwar, J. S. , Singh, S. C. , Joshi, K. D. , Rashid, A. and Hollington, P. A. 2001. Participatory rating by husbandmans of on-farm seed priming in wheat in India, Nepal and Pakistan. Experi.Agri.37:403-415. Harris, D. , Rashid, A. , Hollington, P. A. , Jasi, L. and Riches, C. 2002. Prospects of bettering maize outputs with on-farm seed priming. Sustainable Maize Production Systems for Nepal : Proceedings of a Maize Symposium 2001, 180-185, ( Eds Rajbhandari, N. P. , Ransom, J. K. , Adikhari, K. and Palmer, A. F. E. ) Kathmandu, Nepal. Kathmandu: Harris, D. , Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A. 2000. On-farm seed priming to better cropestablishment and output in direct-seeded rice. In IRRI: International Workshop on Dry-seeded Rice Technology, Bangkok, 25-28 January 2000. The International Rice Institute, Manila, The Philippines, 164 pp. Harris, D. , Tripathi, R. S. and Joshi, A.2002. On-farm seed priming to better harvest constitution and output in dry direct-seeded rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Direct Seeding in Asian Rice Systems: Strategic Research Issues and Opportunities, January Hisashi, K.N and A.M. Francisco.2005.Effects of 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone on the sprouting and a-amylase activity in boodle seeds. J. Plant Physiol.162: 1304-1307. Islam, A.K.M.A. , N. Anuar and Z. Yaakob, 2009. Consequence of genotypes and pre-sowing interventions on seed sprouting behaviour of Jatropha. Asiatic J. Plant Sci. 8: 433-439. Kaur, S. A. K. Gupta and N. Kaur. 2005. Seed Priming Increases Crop Yield Possibly by Modulating Enzymes of Sucrose Metabolism in Chickpea. J. Agronomy A ; Crop Science 191, 81-87 Kumar, R. , Tyagi, C. S. and Ram, C. 1989. Association of research lab seed parametric quantities with field public presentation in mungbean. Seeds Farms.15:33-36. Lee SY, Lee JH, Hong SB, Yun SH. 1998. Consequence of humidification and indurating intervention on seed sprouting of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157 160. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 1999. Morphologic alteration, sugar content, a-amylase activity of rice seeds under assorted priming conditions. Kore.J.CropSci.44:138-142. Lee, S.S. and Kim, J.H. 2000. Entire sugars, a-amylase activity and sprouting after priming of normal and elderly rice seeds. Kore.J.CropSci.45:108-111. Lee, S.S. , Kim, J.H. Hong, S.B. and Yun, S.H. 1998. Effect pf humidification and indurating intervention on seed sprouting of rice. Kore.J.CropSci.43:157-160. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley ( Eds. ) , Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. McDonald, M.B. 2000.Seed priming. In: Seed Technology and Its Biological Basis ( explosive detection systems. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ) , Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. pp. 287-326. Musa, A. M. , D. Harris, C. Johansen and J. Kumar. 2001. Short continuance garbanzo to replace fellow after AMAN rice: The function of on-farm seed priming in the high barind piece of land of Bangladesh. Expl Agric. 37: 509-521. M. Black and J.D. Bewley ( explosive detection systems. ) Sheffield Acad. Press, Sheffield, England. McDonald M.B. 1999. Seed priming, in: M. Black, J.D. Bewley ( Eds. ) , Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK. 287-325. Mwale, S.S. , Hamusimbi and K. Mwansa, 2003. Germination, outgrowth and growing of helianthus ( Helianthus annus L. ) in response to osmotic seed priming. Seed Sci. Technol. , 31: 199-206. Nagar R. P. , M. Dadlani and S. P. Sharma. 1998. Consequence of hydropriming on field outgrowth and harvest growing of corn genotypes. Seed Sci Res 26: 1 5. Nayyar, H. , D. P. Walia and B. L. Kaishta.1995. Performance of bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) seeds primed with growing regulators and inorganic salts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 65: 112-116, Nascimento, W. M. ansd S. H. West, 1999. Muskmelon transplant production in response to seed priming. Hort.Tech.9:53-55. Naseem, S. B. , Khan, A. H. , Islam, M. , Mollah, U. and Ali, M. A. 1997. Consequence of seeding methods and changing surface dirt wet on the base constitution of mungbean ( Vigna radiata L. ) . Bang. J.Scienti.Indus.Res.32:295-301. Nerson, H. and Govers, A. 1986. Salt priming of sweet melon seeds for low temperature germination.Scien.Hort.28:85-91. Peopless, M. B. , D. F. Herridge and J. K. Ladha. 1995. Biological N arrested development. An efficient beginning of N for sustainable agricultural production. Plant and Soil. 174: 3-28. Pill, W. G. and A. D. Necker. 2001. The effects of seed interventions on sprouting and constitution of Kentucky blue grass ( Poa pratensis L. ) . Seed Sci Technol 29: 65 72. Pill, W.G. 1995. Low H2O potency and pre-sowing sprouting interventions to better seed quality. In: A.S. Basra ( ed. ) . Seed quality. Food Products Press, Binghampton, N.Y. , p. 319-359 Ruan, S. , Xue Q and Tylkowska R. 2002. Effectss of seed priming on sprouting and wellness of rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) seeds. Seed Sci Technol 30: 451 458. Rahmianna, A.A. , T. Adisarwanto, G. Kirchhof and H.B. So. 2000. Crop constitution of leguminous plants in rain fed lowland rice-based cropping system. Soil Tillage Res.56: 67-82. Rashid, A. , Harris, D. , P. Hollington and Ali, S. 2004. On-farm seed priming reduces yield losingss of mungbean ( Vigna indiata ) associated with mungbean xanthous mosaic virus in NWFP of Pakistan. Crop protect. 23: 1119-1124. Rudrapal D, Nakamura S. 1998. The consequence of hydration desiccation pre-treatment on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy. Seed Sci.Tech.26:123 130. Rudrapal, D. , S. Nakamura. 1988. The consequence of hydration-dehydration pretreatments on aubergine and radish seed viability and energy, Seed Sci.Technol. 16 123-130. Saha R, Mandal AK, Basu RN. 1990. Physiology of seed animation interventions in soya bean ( Glycine max L. ) . Seed. Seed Technology and its Biological Basis, Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, 1999, pp. 287-325. Sekiya, N. and K. Yano. 2009. Seed P-enrichment as an effectual P supply to wheat. Plant and Soil. 327: 347-354 Steiner, J. J. 1990. Seedling rate of development index: index of energy and seedling growing response Crop science.30:1264-1271 Yamauchi and Winn T. 1996. Rice seed energy and seedling constitution in anaerobiotic dirt. Crop Sci 36: 680 686. Yoon, B.Y.H. , H.J. Lang and B.G. Cobb.1997. Priming with salt solutions improves sprouting of Viola tricolor hortensis seed at high temperatures.Hort.Sci.32: 248-250. Zheng G.H. , Wilen R.W. , Slinkard A.E. , Gusta L.V. 2002. Enhancement of canola seed sprouting and seedling outgrowth at low temperature by priming. Crop Sci.34:1589-1593. Zheng G.H. , R.W. Wilen, A. E. Slinkard and L.V. Gusta. 1994. Enhancement of canola seed sprouting and seedling outgrowth at low temperature by priming. Crop Science, 34: 1589-1593.

The untouchable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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The importance of volunteering in my community to make it a batter Essay

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Barriers to Breast Cancer Screening and Mammograms Abstract The mammography screening recommendations have been ambiguous and disagree with suggesting institute to institute.   Thus, it is up to women to make choices about mammogram inspection based on their personal health beliefs.   This paper explores 6 published articles that report results from various research conducted on women with an average risk of breast cancer. These studies examined the connection between observed benefits and alleged barriers to mammography and compliance with mammography screening in women age 40 and older and among minorities.   It also discusses the latest findings and guidelines according to the American Cancer Society.   Other articles discuss their reviews to support mammogram screening for women under 50, a systemic review of the benefits and harms of breast cancer screening and factors that influence breast cancer screening in Asian countries. Introduction Currently, breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and one of the chief causes of death worldwide. (Oeffinger,Fontham, Etzioni, et al.)   According to the American Cancer Society 2015, it is the leading contributor to cancer mortality in women aged 40 to 55.   Several risk factors increase the likelihood of the disease occurring.   These factors include: (1) aging, (2) personal history of breast cancer, (3) family history of breast cancer, (4) history of benign breast disease, (5) menarche younger than 12 years, (6) nulliparous, or a first child after age 30, (7) higher education or socioeconomic level, (8) obesity and/or high fats diets, (9) menopause after age 50, (10) lengthy exposure to cyclic estrogen and (11) environment exposure (American Cancer Society, 2015).   The cause of breast cancer is still unspecified, yet these risk factors are known to play a part in the risk of developing this disease.   Essentially all women can be considered at risk.   No successful cure or preventative methods exist, and early recognition offers the best opportunity for decreasing morbidity and mortality. Literature Review The first article that I reviewed is titled â€Å"Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening, A Systemic Review†.   According to Myers, et al., mortality from breast cancer has declined substantially since the 1970’s, a drop attributable to both the accessibility of screening methods, particularly mammography, and better-quality treatment of more advanced cancer.   This literature pointed out that, although there has been stable evidence that screening with mammography reduces breast cancer mortality, there are a number of possible harms, including false-positive results, which result in both needless biopsies and added distress and anxiety associated to the potential diagnosis of cancer.   In addition, screening may lead to over diagnosis of cancers that may not have become life-threatening.   With their investigation in the meta-analyses of RTCs (randomized clinical trials) that stratified by age, screening women younger than 50 years was constantly associated with a statistically significant reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 15% while screening women 50 years or older was linked with slightly greater mortality reduction (14-23%).   In general, based on their research, they have concluded that â€Å"regular screening with mammography in women 40 years or older at average risk of breast cancer reduces breast cancer mortality over at least 13 years of follow-up, but there is uncertainty about the magnitude of this association, particularly in the context of current practice in the United States.† In summary, this review concluded that among women of all ages at average risk of breast cancer, screening was related with a reduction in breast cancer mortality of approximately 20%, although there was ambiguity about quantitative estimates of the association of different breast cancer screening strategies in the United States.   These findings and the related uncertainty should be considered when making suggestions based on judgments about the balance of benefits and harms of breast cancer screening. (Myers et al. 2015). Mammography can pinpoint tumors too small to be detected by palpitation of the breast by the woman or her health care provider.   Early detection of breast cancer in women improves the possibility of successful treatment and thus cuts morbidity and mortality from the disease (American Cancer Society, 2015).   Yet, there still exists an observable lack of compliance with the recommended screening guidelines.   According to an article in the Journal of the American College of Radiology by Monticciolo, et al. (2015), they pointed out that previous to the presentation of widespread mammographic screening in the mid-1980s, the mortality rate from breast cancer in the US had stayed unaffected for more than 4 decades.   From 1990, the fatality rate has fallen by at least 38%.   Considerably, this change is recognized to prompt detection with mammography.   In this next article, Miranda-Diaz, et al. (2016) studied the Hispanics Puerto Rican subjects, inner-city women and determinants of breast cancer screening and suggested that women with low incomes and education were less likely to partake in mammography.   Lack of submission of breast cancer screening tests is more prevalent among minorities.   They added that Hispanic women are less likely to receive a Physician’s recommendation for breast cancer screening, therefore, it was the primary reason for not doing a mammogram.   Other barriers for lack of compliance among Hispanic women and Latinas living in California are lack of health insurance, age, usual source of care, having a busy schedule, fear, cost and feeling uncomfortable during the procedure. In conclusion, the authors of this article did a study that was limited by the small sample size and may not be generalizable to the entire population of the island. In order to improve compliance as well as educating health care providers about the importance of referral, a tailored health education interventions directed to describe the nature and benefit of cancer screening test needed to be put in place. Similarly, another article stated that early detection of breast cancer, while the tumor is still small and localized, provides the opportunity for the most effective treatment. (Mandelblatt, Armetta, Yabroff, et al.) According to the American Cancer Society 2015, detection guidelines recommended that women with an average risk of breast cancer should undergo regular screening mammography starting at age 45 years.   Women aged 45- 54 years should be inspected annually and women 55 years and older should changeover to biennial screening or have the opportunity to begin annual screening between the ages of 40 and 44 years.   The suggested outcome of the guideline would result in earlier detection because breast cancers found by mammography in women in their forties are smaller and more treatable than those found by self-breast exam or clinical breast exam.   Consequently, earlier detection by mammography could save lives. According to an article by Kathy Boltz, Ph.D. (2013), amid the 609 definite breast cancer deaths, 29% were including women who had been screened with mammography, while 71% were among unscreened women.   In tally, her investigation found that of all breast cancer deaths, only 13% happened in women aged 70 years or older, but 50% occurred in women under 50 years old. Her studies were done to support mammogram screening for women under age 50.   In the meantime, Dr. Cady, MD, Professor of Surgery of Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, and his teammates set out to deliver complete information on the value of mammography screening through a technique called â€Å"failure analysis†.   Such evaluations look backward from the time of death to determine the connections at diagnosis, rather than looking forward from the start of a study.   Only one other failure analysis related to cancer has been published to date.   In this evaluation, invasive breast cancers analyzed at Partners HealthCare hospitals in Boston between 1990 and 1999 were followed through 2007.   Facts for the study comprised demographics, mammography use, surgical and pathology reports, and recurrence and death dates.   The article also stated that the study showed a dramatic shift in survival from breast cancer associated with the introduction of screening.   In 1969, half of the women diagnosed with breast cancer had died by 12.5 years after diagnosis.   Between the women with aggressive breast cancer in this review who were spotted between 1990 and 1999, only 9.3% had expired.   â€Å"This is a remarkable achievement, and the fact that 71% of the women who died were women who were not participating in screening clearly supports the importance of early detection,† said co-author Daniel Kopans, MD, also of Harvard Medical School. The study of the â€Å"perception of breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness† was studied by Black, Nease, & Tosteson (1995).   The purpose of the study was to determine how women 40-50 years of age perceive their risk of breast cancer and the effectiveness of screening and how these perceptions compare with estimates derived from epidemiologic studies of breast cancer incidence and randomized clinical trials of screening. A random sample of 200 women, age 40-50 years old who had no history of breast cancer was chosen through the computerized medical records of Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.   Thirty-nine percent had an annual family income of $50,000 to $100,000, and 62% had at least a college education.   The subjects received the questionnaire in the mail which asked questions pertaining to breast cancer risk and screening effectiveness.   Seventy-three percent responded with a complete questionnaire.   The results showed that the women overestimated their probability of dying of breast cancer within ten years by more than twenty times.   When asked about their relative risk reduction from breast cancer screening, they overestimated by six times.   These results are based on assuming a 10% relative risk reduction from cancer screening.   Eighty-eight percent of the subjects agreed that the benefits to screening mammography outweighed the barriers.   The generalizability of this study is very limited because of this population is better educated and of higher income than the general U.S. population of women of the same age range.   Also, the subjects’ breast cancer risk was not precisely known, and the effectiveness of modern screening mammography is unknown.   The limitations also include the questionnaire which has not been previously tested.    The last article is a literature review of â€Å"factors influencing breast cancer screening in Asian countries.†Ã‚   Studies done by Ahmadian and Samah (2012), found that breast cancer arises in the younger age group of Asian women, 40 to 49 years old compared to the other Western counterparts, where the peak prevalence is realized between 50 to 59 years.   According to multiple sources and authors, in Singapore, Malaysia, Iran, Thailand, Pakistan, and Arab women in Palestine, more than half of new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women below the age of 50 years and in advanced stages III or IV.     Schwartz et al. (2008), discovered that breast cancer screening activities among Asian women living in their native country are low and mammography screening in Middle Eastern countries are also low.   Analyses of the information have shown that only 23% of Turkish people testified having at least one mammogram.   Fewer women about 10.3% in the United Arab Emirates had mammography, which was attributed to poor knowledge of breast cancer screening and infrequent offering of screening by healthcare workers (Schwartz et al., 2008)   In conclusion of this article, the authors stated that in order to improve women’s participation in breast cancer prevention programs/ screenings, especially among the at-risk subgroup, the intervention strategies should be tailored to their knowledge and socio-demographic factor.   The approaches accepted should also take into account the women’s emotional and ethnic matters in order to support lifelong mammography screening practice for Asian people which is based on hypothetical interventions. In addition, healthcare professionals working with Asian women should cautiously tackle the misapprehensions such as worry about mammogram devices and fatalism. (Ahmadian & Samah, 2012) Conclusion In summary, after reading and reviewing the 6 related articles pertaining to breast cancer and mammogram screening for women under 50, I have concluded that there are both pros and cons, benefits and harms, perceived benefits and alleged barriers, and compliance factors that affect women worldwide. Breast cancer has claimed millions of lives throughout the world and women should be encouraged to be mindful of and to consider their family history and medical history with a physician to determine if early detection is a warrant.   If the woman has an average risk of developing breast cancer, the American Cancer Society supports a discussion of screening around the age of 40 years.   According to the guideline, ACS recommends that women be provided with information about risk factors, risk reduction, and the benefits, limitations, and harms associated with mammography screening.   While it is recognized that there is a balance of risks and benefits to the mammogram, women should be provided with guidance so that they can make the best choice about when to start and stop screening and how frequently to be screened for breast cancer.   So, if you or your loved ones have an average risk of breast cancer and over 40 years old, would you prefer to have a checkup once a year or once every two years?   This is rather a personal choice but with early detection, the benefit of mammogram will prove to outweigh the risk and could possibly save your life. References Ahmadian, M and Samah, A.(2012) A Literature Review of Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Screening in Asian Countries.Life Sci J 2012;9(2):585-594.   (ISSN: 1097-8135).   http://www.lifesciencesite.com.   Accessed January 16, 2018 Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis (version 1.2015).   National Comprehensive Cancer Network. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/breast-screening.pdfAccessed January 16, 2018. Mandelblatt, JS, Cronin, KA, Bailey, S, et al. (2009) Breast Cancer Working Group of Cancer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network.   Effects of mammography screening under different screening schedules: model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern. Med. 2009;15(10):738-747. Mandeltblatt, JS, Armatta, C, Yabroff, R, Liang, W, Lawrence, W. (2004) Descriptive Review of the Literature on Breast Cancer Outcomes: 1990 Through 2000. JNCI Monographs, Volume 2004, Issue 33, 1 October 2004, Pages 8-44. https://academic.oup.com/jncimono/article/2004/33/8/933605Accessed January 17, 2018. Oeffinger, KC, Fontham, ETH, Etzioni, R, et al. (2015). Breast Cancer Screening for Women at average risk: 2015 Guideline Update from the American Cancer Society. Jama.2015. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.12783. https://provimaging.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/JAMA-Network-_-JAMA-_-Breast-Cancer-Screening-for-Women-at-Average-Risk_-20.pdfAccessed January 17, 2018. Schwartz, LM, Woloshin, S, Sox, HC, Fischloff, B, Welch, HG.(2000) US Women’s Attitudes to False Positive Mammography Results and Detection of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ:   Cross Sectional Survey. BMJ. 2000;320 (7250): 1635-1640. http://www.bmj.com/content/320/7250/1635.Accessed January 20, 2018

The Importance of Good Teacher-Student Relationships :: Education Teaching

The Importance of Good Teacher-Student Relationships What kind of relationship should a teacher and a student have in the classroom? The answer to this question may seem like an obvious one to many because a teacher and a student should always strive to have a good relationship in order to fare well in the classroom. In fact a good relationship creates many advantages between both teacher and student. For instance, a good relationship produces a good environment within the classroom, which can be a vital point to the success of both teacher and student. On the other hand, there is a flip side to the coin and that is a bad relationship. A bad relationship is where most of the problems come about in the classroom for both teacher and student. In the studies made by Cheney, she discovers that many students are no longer able to express and expand their minds because of the barriers placed upon them by their teachers and peers. Cheney wrote that one must conform to the teachers way of thinking because if you do not, you are taking a chance in receiving a bad grade. Even though one must compromise one's own opinion to satisfy a teacher, it is worth it because you only need to take that course once if you follow the style and beliefs of your teacher. Then again, if you donUt follow the pattern of your teacher, you may end up taking that same course many times until you finally surrender to the beliefs of your instructors. The teacherUs opinion in the classroom can be overpowering in many cases and it can make you forfeit your own opinion even if you feel that you are right. Such intimidating methods of the teacher can repress the creativity of the student. Therefore, making the student into a uniform thinker, which is not the best way in acquiring knowledge. As Socrates would say, one must ask questions and challenge them to find the truth (the truth being knowledge) and that is the best way to acquire knowledge. I have gone through a similar experience in courses that I have taken in college. For example, When I did assignments for a feminist class I only wrote what the teacher wanted to see and kept my own opinions to my self. Even though I felt that my explanation would be a better one, all I was thinking about was getting a decent grade and moving on, which was something I really regret because I felt that I did not learn anything. The Importance of Good Teacher-Student Relationships :: Education Teaching The Importance of Good Teacher-Student Relationships What kind of relationship should a teacher and a student have in the classroom? The answer to this question may seem like an obvious one to many because a teacher and a student should always strive to have a good relationship in order to fare well in the classroom. In fact a good relationship creates many advantages between both teacher and student. For instance, a good relationship produces a good environment within the classroom, which can be a vital point to the success of both teacher and student. On the other hand, there is a flip side to the coin and that is a bad relationship. A bad relationship is where most of the problems come about in the classroom for both teacher and student. In the studies made by Cheney, she discovers that many students are no longer able to express and expand their minds because of the barriers placed upon them by their teachers and peers. Cheney wrote that one must conform to the teachers way of thinking because if you do not, you are taking a chance in receiving a bad grade. Even though one must compromise one's own opinion to satisfy a teacher, it is worth it because you only need to take that course once if you follow the style and beliefs of your teacher. Then again, if you donUt follow the pattern of your teacher, you may end up taking that same course many times until you finally surrender to the beliefs of your instructors. The teacherUs opinion in the classroom can be overpowering in many cases and it can make you forfeit your own opinion even if you feel that you are right. Such intimidating methods of the teacher can repress the creativity of the student. Therefore, making the student into a uniform thinker, which is not the best way in acquiring knowledge. As Socrates would say, one must ask questions and challenge them to find the truth (the truth being knowledge) and that is the best way to acquire knowledge. I have gone through a similar experience in courses that I have taken in college. For example, When I did assignments for a feminist class I only wrote what the teacher wanted to see and kept my own opinions to my self. Even though I felt that my explanation would be a better one, all I was thinking about was getting a decent grade and moving on, which was something I really regret because I felt that I did not learn anything.

Netflix Business Model Analysis Essay

Netflix is an online subscription-based DVD rental service that promises to connect their customers to the movies and television shows they love through means of sending discs through the mail or streaming them directly via the internet. For only $7.99 per month, Netflix offers their customers unlimited access to their massive video library (>70,000 titles as of year-end 2006) and is able to deliver DVD’s by mail to over 90% of their nearly 7 million subscribers in only a single business day. There are many factors that go into how Netflix is able to generate profit with this business model. First and foremost, Netflix uses a subscription-based revenue model. This came about after adopting a more emergent business strategy to better adapt to feedback being provided by its customers. Netflix initially used a revenue model similar to that of the brick and mortar video rental stores with the thought that the convenience factor of having discs mailed directly to your home would outweigh the inconvenience of having to wait the extra time it took to ship the discs. In 1999, Netflix shifted to the, more simplified, subscription-based model which, in turn, increased the value proposition that Netflix was able to offer its customers. Another large consideration in generating profit is their partnerships with nearly all of the major movie studios that allows them to purchase DVD’s at a reduced up-front cost in return for a fee based on how often those discs are rented in a given time period. This, in conjunction with a good recommendation system that brings older titles to the forefront of customer’s minds and the Netflix subsidiary company, Red Envelope Entertainment allows Netflix to house a larger library of titles for a lower cost than its competition while satisfying the sizable niche market of individuals who are interested in renting titles that they have missed or re-renting titles they’ve already seen that most video stores could not.

Definition of Social Distance in Psychology

Definition of Social Distance in Psychology Social distance is a measure of social separation between groups caused by perceived or real differences between groups of people as defined by well-known social categories. It manifests across a variety of social categories, including class, race and ethnicity, culture, nationality, religion, gender and sexuality, and age, among others. Sociologists recognize three key types of social distance: affective, normative, and interactive. They study it through a variety of research methods, including  ethnography and participant observation, surveys, interviews, and daily route mapping, among other techniques. Affective Social Distance Affective social distance is probably the most widely known type  and the one  that is the cause of great concern among sociologists. Affective social distance was defined by Emory Bogardus, who created the Bogardus Social Distance Scale for measuring it. Affective social distance refers to the degree to which a person from one group feels sympathy or empathy for persons from other groups. The scale of measurement created by Bogardus measures this by establishing the willingness of a person to interact with people from other groups.  For example, an unwillingness to live next door to a family of a different race would indicate a high degree of social distance. On the other hand, willingness to marry a person of a different race would indicate a very low degree of social distance. Affective social distance is a cause of concern among sociologists because it is known to foster prejudice, bias, hatred, and even violence. Affective social distance between Nazi sympathizers and European Jews was a significant component of the ideology that supported the Holocaust. Today, affective social distance fuels politically motivated hate crimes and school bullying among some supporters of President Donald Trump  and seem to have created the conditions for his election to the presidency, given that support for Trump was concentrated among white people. Normative Social Distance Normative social distance is the kind of difference we perceive between ourselves as members of groups and others who are not members of the same groups. It is the distinction we make between us and them, or  between insider and outsider. Normative social distance is not necessary judgmental in nature. Rather, it can simply signal that a person recognizes differences between herself and others whose race, class, gender, sexuality, or nationality may differ from her own. Sociologists consider this form of social distance to be important  because it is necessary to first recognize a difference in order to then see and understand how difference shapes the experiences and life trajectories of those who differ from ourselves. Sociologists believe that recognition of difference in this way should inform social policy so that it is crafted to serve all citizens  and not just those who are in the majority. Interactive Social Distance Interactive social distance is a way of describing the extent to which different groups of people interact with each other, in terms of both frequency and intensity of interaction. By this measure, the more different groups interact, the closer they are socially. They less they interact, the greater the interactive social distance is between them. Sociologists who operate using social network theory pay attention to interactive social distance and measure it as the strength of social ties. Sociologists recognize that these three types of social distance are not mutually exclusive and do not necessarily overlap. Groups of people may be close in one sense, say, in terms of interactive social distance, but far from another, like in affective social distance. Updated by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

good ole days essays

good ole days essays The Good Old Days They Were Terrible Today is Monday July the 10th. Today was a very long day, I got up at sunrise and did not get home until after sunset. I am not used to working like this. I came from Germany with my parents in 1887. I was but a little boy when we came here. I was probably between the ages of 5 and 6. My father had a small store in Germany, where he sold food and other goods. I guess it could be called a general store. The store was not doing that much business because the farmers in Germany were going through a lot of agriculture changes. The farmers could not pay the bills and because of this we were going broke. Well, back to today! Today was a very hard day. When I woke up this morning my brothers and I had to feed all of our animals. We had a few chickens, some cows, and a few pigs. The pigs are the worst to feed because you have to walk through all of the mud and muck to get to them. I hate feeding the pigs, I just hate it! The chickens on the other hand were easy to feed becaus e all we had to do was go in the chicken house and put some feed into the feeders. Today also happened to be the day we have to clean out the chicken house. We clean all of the animals pens and houses every Monday. I know it sounds bad, but trust me it is not as bad as having to feed the pigs. When we finished feeding all of the animals, we had to go out into the fields and check on the crops and make sure there were no animals getting into the crops. While my brothers and I were in the fields, we heard the mom ringing the bell. This meant that it was time for us to eat. This is my favorite time of the day. I look forward to this every morning when I wake up. My mom is the best cook in the world. Well, once again dinner was great. When we finished eating dinner, the family would go outside and gather around my father and h ...

Positron emission tomography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Positron emission tomography - Essay Example Isotopes with the tendency to radioactivity refer to atoms with an unstable nucleus. The inner core, which consists of the nucleus, has unbalanced energy. The dense package of neutron and proton makes the nucleus unstable. The lack of stability is the basis for the decomposition process. Therefore, through decomposition, the nuclei transform its configuration and components to a less strength and steady condition. This decomposition obeys the exponential law, which states ‘the number of decomposition per second is always equivalent to the amount of the undecayed nuclei available.' The law is also applicable to the rate of decay (activity). The decay depends on the half-life of the nuclide. Half-life is the duration/time that a nucleus takes to be halved.Positrons refer to the subatomic molecules that are equal in mass to an electron with characteristic of carrying a positive charge. When the positron decay (ÃŽ ²+), its nuclei changes one of the core protons (p) to a neutron (n) , while emitting positron (ÃŽ ²+) to attain a positively charged nature referred to as neutrino (ÃŽ ½).Upon the release from the initial nucleus, the high positron moves across a few millimeters through the tissue until it attains thermalization, during the acquisition of thermal energy, the positrons arrive at thermal energies. They begin connecting with electrons either through annihilation that produce two 511 keV photons to take anti-parallel positrons frame or through development of the hydrogen.

Gender Issues and Cultural Constructs in Sex and the City Essay

Gender Issues and Cultural Constructs in Sex and the City - Essay Example Just like women are defined by patriarchal culture, men are also defined by culture, and this culture is also patriarchal. Because of this, there is inevitably a dichotomy between the terms â€Å"female,† which is biological, and â€Å"woman,† which is cultural. Similarly, there is a difference between â€Å"male,† which is biological, and â€Å"man,† which is cultural (Bartky, 2003). Both of the movies Sex and the City and Sex and the City 2 demonstrate how this is true. That said, each of the movies actually turn the traditional cultural definitions of men and women on their head, for the most part, in that the women in these movies are independent and assume the masculine role in different ways. Meanwhile, the men, who definitely take a backseat in these movies, much as they do in the television series, often take the traditional female role in many ways. This is not to say that the portrayals of the men and women are not culturally driven, as women in modern culture often do take on masculine qualities and men take on feminine qualities. Nonetheless, in the Sex and the City world, with the one notable exception, turns traditional culture, as opposed to modern culture, on its head. Analysis of the movies The best way to explain how these movies turn traditional culture on their head would be easiest if one examines the different couples who are in these shows. Carrie Bradshaw is the focus of both of these movies, as she is in the actual television series upon which these movies are based. Bradshaw is a blend of masculine and feminine qualities, although the masculine qualities in Bradshaw outweigh the feminine qualities, as dictated by culture. Carrie is a writer, and is successful, having published several books. This would be a typical masculine characteristic – Carrie is a breadwinner, and she has zero interest in anything domesticated. She doesn't cook, she is never seen cleaning, and she has no interest in having child ren. On the other hand, Carrie's boyfriend, turned husband, Mr. Big, takes on some of the more traditionally feminine characteristics, at least in the second film. Mr. Big does cook, as he is seen cooking in the first film, and makes an anniversary dinner for himself and Carrie in the second film. Mr. Big also likes old-fashioned movies, especially It Happened One Night, which is a classic romantic comedy. In the first film, Mr. Big takes on more traditional masculinity however, than in the second film. This is because Mr. Big is seen as Carrie's caretaker, more than in the first movie. He literally buys her a super-expensive penthouse apartment, and constructs her dream closet. He is also responsible, in the first film, for the dramatic tension in the film, as he stands Carrie up at the altar (they later marry). This feeds into the stereotypical male who is afraid of commitment. He dictates how the two will be married – he wants a low-key ceremony, she wants an over-the-top ceremony, and the two end up getting married according to what he wants. Therefore, Mr. Big is a protector of Carrie, is a provider for Carrie, and dominates Carrie with his wishes in the first film. He more of a traditional male in this way. By the second film, however, Mr. Big is neutered and takes on more of a feminine image. This is the film where he forces Carrie to watch the female-centric film, It Happened One Night, and Mr. Big is shown as somebody who is more of a homebody.