Friday, December 27, 2019

The Balance of Power and the Congress of Vienna - 2635 Words

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) No event epitomizes the state of Europe in the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars as well as the Congress of Vienna held between 1814-1815. The culmination of centuries of European political tradition, the Congress was in many ways the last gasp of monarchy in Europe, as the royal houses tried to restore the Europe they once knew and ensure that their way of politics and society would be sustained even in the face of the radical wave of change foreshadowed by the French Revolution. At that time of the Congress Europe was in a state of disarray. The French Revolution that erupted in 1792, Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power and the subsequent wars had not only proven†¦show more content†¦Once in full swing, the Congress quickly moved into its first phase, the negotiations over Napoleon’s Duchy of Warsaw, otherwise known as Poland. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had been partitioned between 1772 to 1795 amongst Hapsburg Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Alexander I, demanding compensation for Russia’s efforts against Napoleon pushed for a plan in which the Prussian and Austrian controlled sections of Poland would be combined into a new Kingdom of Poland under Russian control. In exchange for ceding their Polish territories, Prussia would be given the entire kingdom of Saxony, and Austria would be compensated with extensive holdings in northern Italy. (Gulick) This proposition led to the bitterest conflicts at the Congress in what was dubbed the Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Coalition quickly broke into two opposing camps with Great Britain and Austria in opposition to the Russian proposition, and Russia and Prussia in support of it. Metternich’s reasons for opposing Russian hegemony over Poland were the most pressing. Russian control of Poland meant that the Hapsburg Empire would have to share its north and northeastern borders with Russian soldiery. Likewise, if Prussia were to come into possession of Saxony then the northern perimeter of the Empire would be even more susceptible to invasion, and the already strong political bondShow MoreRelatedVienna Settlement903 Words   |  4 Pagesfar did the Vienna Settlement contribute to maintaining the peace in Europe in the period 1815-1914? The Vienna Settlement refers to a series of agreements made by the European powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. As the peace terms with France had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris (signed earlier on May 30, 1814), the Congress of Vienna was mainly concerned with solving the problems brought about by the Napoleonic wars. To solve these problems, the four European powers reached certainRead MoreThe Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, â€Å"the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history† (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives wasRead MoreThe Power Of The Great Powers Of Great Britain1650 Words   |  7 PagesUsing Europe as essentially a blank tablet on which to create their own Balance of Power, the Great Powers of Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia (with France, the defeated power, playing a lesser role) re-drew the map. There had been other pressing matters to settle: the rights of German Jews, the abolition of the slave trade and navigation on European rivers, not to mention the restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples, the constitution of Switzerland, issues ofRead MoreWhat Challenges Did The Peacemakers At Vienna Face And How Effective Were Their Solu tions?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe peacemakers at Vienna face and how effective were their solutions? Charles Stewart, half-brother to Castlereagh –the principle British diplomat to the Congress of Vienna wrote ‘if we consider the power of Russia†¦what may we not fear from her?’ in response to the situation of high tension created in the Congress of Vienna. The peacemakers at Vienna had two major aims; to main a ‘balance of power’ throughout Europe, and to prevent France from ever reaching the level of power it had held underRead MoreChapter 21: Reaction, Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850845 Words   |  4 Pagesthis Quadruple Alliance restored the Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII and agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. II. The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich. The Principle of Legitimacy I. Metternich claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. B. To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, he considered it necessary toRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat power in Europe. Nationalism helped France to develop a national language which was taught in schools to replace local dialects. This unification of language helped the people of France to feel closer to each other, with more in common. It also helped the country in its economics and politics. As Napoleon conquered more areas in Europe, Nationalism rose. Nationalism is what led to the unification and creation of countries within Europe. It also brought about the idea that the power of aRead MoreDisadvantages Of Vienna Congress791 Words   |  4 Pages The Vienna Congress, which brought together all the major European powers of the time, led on 9 June 1815 to the signing of the final act of the Congress of Vienna, a document of one hundred and twenty-one articles written in three hundred leaflets throwing the foundations of a new order. Among the innovations agreed in Vienna were new rules governing diplomatic relations, such as the official titles given to the various categories of State representatives and the precedence of States in alphabeticalRead MoreThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (in short, Talleyrand) was born in February 1754 in Paris into a family background of power, ancient nobility, and wealth since his father held a high position in the French Royal army. Since his childhood, Talleyrand suffered from certain physical distortion in the feet that contributed to an impaired physical mobility. As a result, he had some limitations on his possible future career to an extent that he was formallyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And The Great Period Of Peace1831 Words   |  8 Pageswould rely more on naked power than on shared values† (Kissinger, 1994 page 94). In world history we can reflect on two treaties that had the intention to achieve the same goal of stability; however they had diverse approaches. Henry Kissinger and other proponents of The Congress of Vienna argue that the great period of peace in Europe, between all great powers, was successful in creating longevity in peace due to the realist theories encompassed in The Congress of Vienna. Further, many realists alsoRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte and his downfall, and the new order brought about by the Congress of Vienna; central to these changes were Enlightenment influence, nationalism, and France s relations with other countries. However, despite the great social upheavals of this time period, gender roles

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America

1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and is a perfect example of how the upper class becomes billionaires. The wealth Disparity can also be seen in areas like Sao Paulo, Brazil with their slums. With this wage gap, crime started to flourish in Latin amerce along with corruption. Some of the best examples of crime and corruption are the Colombian drug cartels with their widespread murder and bribery tactics. Politic violence also affected Latin America like revolutions and other up raising the government would shift and political power would change every few years. The common assassination of politic enemies for cartels often changed the Latin America diplomatic landscape. 2. How did Peru and Nicaragua differ in terms of Indian acceptance of leftism in the 1970s and 1980s? Why? In the 1980’s Peru was a hotbed of leftist activity due to the fact of Peru majority was contested of Indians who lived in poverty. Some of the reasons for the left wing politics were debated the inequality, social privilege and Marginalization theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America?889 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and isRead MoreMy Presentation On Cultural Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesworld that provides the people with knowledge thr ough technology like for instance Japan, which is a huge developing country. A country’s cultural development is measured by The Human Development Index (HDI) that gives an overall of its social and economic situation to include life expectancy at birth, adjusted gross domestic product per capita, and education within the schooling and literacy system. I’m sure that all of us at some point want to know our backgrounds of where and how culture developedRead MoreEssay on Import Substitution Industrialization1742 Words   |  7 PagesAround the 1930s, Brazil and Latin American began following the process of Import Substitution Industrialization, which lasted until the end of the 1980s. The ISI policies devaluated the currency in order to boost exports and discourage imports, followed by adopting different exchange rates for goods (Watkins). ISI in Brazil had an interesting effect; it created a three-prong system of governmental, private, and foreign capital being direc ted at the infrastructure and heavy industry, manufacturingRead MoreA Country Risk Assessments, Mitigation Strategies And Analysis For Myanmar, Mexico And Turkey Countries1741 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMER 2015 CM 565 MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS Assignment: Political and Economic Situation ___________________________________________________________ NOTE: Complete country risk assessments, mitigation strategies and analysis for Myanmar, Mexico and Turkey Countries are based considering Acme Overseas Contractors. 1. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL RISKS IN EACH COUNTRY: (a.) Myanmar (Burma): Political Structure: Myanmar has been ruled by the military Junta from mid 20th century toRead MoreColombia Essay.1417 Words   |  6 PagesColombia is a country in South America in the northwestern part of the continent. Colombia has a lot of natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is known for its political unrest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels. Despite a long history of democratic government, Colombia has one of the most rigidly stratified class systems in Latin America. Colombia is the only country in South America with coasts on both the Caribbean SeaRead MoreRural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts with the right mix of policies, this process can occur at a socially acceptable level. However, the misrepresentation of opportunities in favor of cities in most developing countries, the costs associated with r ural-urban migration often outweigh the benefits, which lead to excessive urbanization with special emphasis on the causes and consequences of rural-urban migration, and their relationship with urbanization and economic growth. Keeping intoRead MoreThe Quest For Room By William Barney1151 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In William Barney’s article, â€Å"The Quest for Room,† he analyzes the differing opinions between the North and South regarding the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired Western territories. The author argues that the West would have been important to slaveholders as a place to expand slavery if the territories had not been free-soil. The reason for this article was to show us how prominent the sectional differences were in the nineteenth century because of the argument over slaveryRead MoreDeveloped and Developing Countries1618 Words   |  7 Pages Have you ever heard of developed countries and developing countries, or first world and third world countries? Just a basic overview before I go into detail, developed countries have a matured financial system, this includes the US and Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. Developing countries are emerging markets across Asia, Latin America and Africa. And undeveloped countries ar e mainly African nations which remain vastly poor, such as Mali and Somalia. BeforeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Pres. Noynoy Aquino’s Government1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world in the late 1980s including Latin America and eastern Europe. Cory Aquino’s Presidency and that of her Christian-Democrat successor Fidel Ramos brought a period of relative democratic stability, and some economic growth, to a country that had been plagued for decades by the plunder and undemocratic rule of Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies. However, Ramos was succeeded by the incapable populist and former film actor Joseph Estrada, whose rule was plagued by accusations of corruption and plunderRead MoreWorld Hunger And The Possible Solutions1513 Words   |  7 PagesHunger and the Possible Solutions World hunger has been a problem that has plagued to world for as long as anyone can remember; people have also tried to end it for that long as well. This problem also has the problem of people not understanding it correctly. THE PROBLEM OF WORLD HUNGER HAS YET TO BE APPROACHED SUCCESSFULLY AND ACTION NEEDS TO BE DECISIVELY TAKEN First, it is important to understand that the lack of food is not the problem. The world has been producing enough food for every person

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Costs and Diversity of Product

Question: Howmanufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased? Explain. Answer: According to Cooper and Kaplan (1988), as the manufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased, the assumptions of traditional cost system gets violated. They indicated that although, support department costs have been considered fixed but they actually varied and were driven by product-line diversity and complexities of activities (operating) like inspection, handling, set-up etc. This complexity can be handled by the support departments when they are larger and sophisticated. Since, low-volume products associates more with such transactions per unit than the high-volume products, it can result in cross-subsidization that is the high-volume products can be allocated more overhead by subsidizing the low-volume ones. Outputs of support depaartments can increase as most of it involves human activities and eventually, the maximum output of department is reached and further personnel are requested. As this requ est rises with an increase in output, the support department grows intermittently. The cost of complexity concept is not used in the traditional concept of cost systems because both are different methods for allocating overhead costs to products. The traditional cost accounting model or system puzzles the underlying relationship between the ranges of different products produced and the size or magnitude of support departments. Cooper and Kaplan argued that the traditional cost systems used volume related bases in order to allocate manufacturing overhead and hence led to material misreporting of the product costs. Also, as the cost of support departments is treated as fixed, this concept makes it problematic to realize that these costs are varying systematically (Cooper Kaplan, 1988). As the traditional cost accounting systems were not considered accurate because they may result in over-costing or under-costing, Cooper and Kaplan decided to aware people of a comprehensive cost system so that it can incorporate even the long-term variable costs of marketing and manufacturing of every products or product-line, thereby resulting in a much efficient basis for managerial decision-making on discontinuing, pricing, reengineering and introducing product lines. The cost system can also facilitate in the smooth running of a business, hence generating sustainable advantages for the business. Previously, managers in companies made significant decisions on pricing and product mix etc on the basis of distorted information on cost and alternative methods rarely existed to alert the managers about the flaw in cost information (Maher, 2005). Another reason behind this article was that previously management accounting mainly concentrated on cost information for making short-run dec isions and the most relevant aspect of decision on products got avoided (Don Maryanne, 2006). The thinking of people regarding the cost behavior needed to be changed as it was ineffective and hence, two relevant changes needed to be made through this article. Firstly, the cost allocation from the pool of costs to products was required to be achieved as overhead costs were driven by production complexities and not volume of production and secondly, the overhead costs varied with variations in production complexities but these variations were actually intermittent in nature. Hence, to sum up, Cooper and Kaplan wrote this article so that the flaws of the traditional accounting system could be neglected and the benefits of a comprehensive cost system could be informed to the people in order to facilitate better decision making in their processes. is very important in every business whether it be related to pricing, product-mix etc. Accounting managers were making a mistake in their decisions as they relied on the distorted cost information and this paper successfully fulfills its objective in informing people about the relevance of a comprehensive cost system. People must read the paper because it not only comprises of information on the benefits of a comprehensive cost accounting system but also comprises of the flaws that are present in the traditional system of cost accounting (Drury, 2011). Readers can learn that in the present scenario, marketing channels and product lines have become proliferated. Direct labor represents only a small portion of corporate costs whereas marketing expenses, distribution expenses etc have risen but still many of the companies allocate these increasing overhead by their decreasing base of direct labor. These simple approaches are no longer required and can prove dangerous especially in this era of global competition and innovative production technologies (Lanen et. al, 2008). As a matter of fact, people were aware that decision-making was a key factor of the success of a business and many managers were even aware that their systems of accounting distorted product costs but they were unaware of the impact of the decisions they would be making (Horngren, 2011). Hence, an effective system was urgently needed so that the product costs could be measured and could also be assigned to product the costs of complexities. References Cooper, Robin Kaplan, Robert S. How Cost Accounting Distorts Product Costs Management Accounting 69(1988): 10. Print Don R. H Maryanne, M. M. Cost Management Accounting Control. : Thomas South-Western, 2006. Print Drury, C. Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print Horngren, C. Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia, 2011. Print Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W. Fundamentals of cost accounting. NY: Hang Loose press, 2008. Print Maher, L. Fundamentals of Cost Accounting. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Example

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay In answering this question I propose to examine the key areas of leadership, the economy, then see how this affected politics and follow this up by looking at foreign relations. 1924 saw the emergence of two figures in key posts that were to contribute to Weimar stability between these years: Stresemann and Hindenburg. Both had militarist and nationalist backgrounds but similarly both were intelligent enough to realise that co-operation and discourse were preferable to civil war and economic suffering. Stresemann masterminded Germanys period of diplomatic tension and isolation whilst Hindenburg offered a presidency that was balanced and tactfully administered. Both men were acceptable as leaders to the majority of German people for the time being. These men seemed acceptable to the allies whose goodwill was of paramount importance for German to recover between 24-29. Economically, the country re-gained some stability immediately when H. Luther changed the Mark over to the Rentenmark in 24. This was achieved without gold reserves but industry and agriculture offered some security and this was accepted as international currency. Unemployment began to subside and industrial output returned to levels not seen since 1913. Trading agreements (such as the Rappallo with the USSR) offered further investment opportunities abroad. A full return to the gold standard was enabled by the Dawes Plan (loans were also provided) and it also gave the economy breathing space as reparations were scaled down to fit in with economic output. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Politically, this was a quieter time for the Weimar. Why? Simply because the republic seemed to be gaining success. Middle ground parties dominated the Reichstag and the three main nationalist parties (DNVP, NSDAP and KPD) only received 30% of votes cast in the 1927? election. The D. N. V. P was traditionally supported by industrialists, but given the economic upturn most were quite happy to allow the republic run freely. A referendum called for by the NSDAP and others to pillory the government for treason only received 14% of votes cast in favour. 1924 also saw Germany move away from the policy of obstruction and non-co-operation that had dogged the republics early years. Beginning with J. Wirth, a co-operative policy of fulfilment or Erfsfullpolitick was pursued. Stresemann continued this policy with three aims in mind: to modify Versailles; to end German diplomatic isolation and finally to restore sovereignty. By 1931, all three had been more or less achieved. The expressions of the Erfsfullpolitick were a series of pacts and treaties that bore foreign success. As mentioned above, the Rappallo Pact gave the economy a nudge but may also have nudged the allies into a desire to involve Germany more in world affairs in preference to Soviet dominance. The Dawes plan was the first expression and the Young Plan further supported this in 29 (both scaled down reparations). The Locarno Pact ratified Germanys western borders whilst still allowing her to pursue claims in the east. A return to League of Nations membership in 26? Saw the French foreign minister Briand, welcome Stresemann as an equal. The reparations were legally curtailed in 31 after Brunigs application for a Moratorium to the U. S. In conclusion, Weimar political stability between 24-29 can be explained by a combination of inspired leadership, supported by foreign goodwill and input which in turn promoted economic buoyancy which led to political calm.