The Balance of Power and the Congress of Vienna - 2635 Words

The Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) No event epitomizes the state of Europe in the wake of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars as well as the Congress of Vienna held between 1814-1815. The culmination of centuries of European political tradition, the Congress was in many ways the last gasp of monarchy in Europe, as the royal houses tried to restore the Europe they once knew and ensure that their way of politics and society would be sustained even in the face of the radical wave of change foreshadowed by the French Revolution. At that time of the Congress Europe was in a state of disarray. The French Revolution that erupted in 1792, Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power and the subsequent wars had not only proven†¦show more content†¦Once in full swing, the Congress quickly moved into its first phase, the negotiations over Napoleon’s Duchy of Warsaw, otherwise known as Poland. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had been partitioned between 1772 to 1795 amongst Hapsburg Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Alexander I, demanding compensation for Russia’s efforts against Napoleon pushed for a plan in which the Prussian and Austrian controlled sections of Poland would be combined into a new Kingdom of Poland under Russian control. In exchange for ceding their Polish territories, Prussia would be given the entire kingdom of Saxony, and Austria would be compensated with extensive holdings in northern Italy. (Gulick) This proposition led to the bitterest conflicts at the Congress in what was dubbed the Polish-Saxon Crisis. The Coalition quickly broke into two opposing camps with Great Britain and Austria in opposition to the Russian proposition, and Russia and Prussia in support of it. Metternich’s reasons for opposing Russian hegemony over Poland were the most pressing. Russian control of Poland meant that the Hapsburg Empire would have to share its north and northeastern borders with Russian soldiery. Likewise, if Prussia were to come into possession of Saxony then the northern perimeter of the Empire would be even more susceptible to invasion, and the already strong political bondShow MoreRelatedVienna Settlement903 Words   |  4 Pagesfar did the Vienna Settlement contribute to maintaining the peace in Europe in the period 1815-1914? The Vienna Settlement refers to a series of agreements made by the European powers at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. As the peace terms with France had already been decided by the Treaty of Paris (signed earlier on May 30, 1814), the Congress of Vienna was mainly concerned with solving the problems brought about by the Napoleonic wars. To solve these problems, the four European powers reached certainRead MoreThe Triumph of the Congress of Vienna Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesThe Congress of Vienna was a series of conferences held in Vienna, from 1814-1815. In which many European heads of government met to establish long-lasting piece, preventing revolution and any other nations from becoming to powerful, on the European continent after the defeat of Napoleon. Even though many countries came together to discus an issue, â€Å"the Congress of Vienna was more successful than many other peace meetings in history† (Beck, 241). The most influential of these representatives wasRead MoreThe Power Of The Great Powers Of Great Britain1650 Words   |  7 PagesUsing Europe as essentially a blank tablet on which to create their own Balance of Power, the Great Powers of Great Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia (with France, the defeated power, playing a lesser role) re-drew the map. There had been other pressing matters to settle: the rights of German Jews, the abolition of the slave trade and navigation on European rivers, not to mention the restoration of the Bourbon royal family in France, Spain and Naples, the constitution of Switzerland, issues ofRead MoreWhat Challenges Did The Peacemakers At Vienna Face And How Effective Were Their Solu tions?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesthe peacemakers at Vienna face and how effective were their solutions? Charles Stewart, half-brother to Castlereagh –the principle British diplomat to the Congress of Vienna wrote ‘if we consider the power of Russia†¦what may we not fear from her?’ in response to the situation of high tension created in the Congress of Vienna. The peacemakers at Vienna had two major aims; to main a ‘balance of power’ throughout Europe, and to prevent France from ever reaching the level of power it had held underRead MoreChapter 21: Reaction, Revolution and Romanticism 1815-1850845 Words   |  4 Pagesthis Quadruple Alliance restored the Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII and agreed to meet at a congress in Vienna in September 1814 to arrange a final peace settlement. II. The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister, Prince Klemens von Metternich. The Principle of Legitimacy I. Metternich claimed that he was guided at Vienna by the principle of legitimacy. B. To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, he considered it necessary toRead MoreDiscuss How Nationalism Spread Across Europe with Napoleon but Was Repressed for a Generation Under the Congress of Vienna and Concert of Europe Until the Revolutions of 1848876 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat power in Europe. Nationalism helped France to develop a national language which was taught in schools to replace local dialects. This unification of language helped the people of France to feel closer to each other, with more in common. It also helped the country in its economics and politics. As Napoleon conquered more areas in Europe, Nationalism rose. Nationalism is what led to the unification and creation of countries within Europe. It also brought about the idea that the power of aRead MoreDisadvantages Of Vienna Congress791 Words   |  4 Pages The Vienna Congress, which brought together all the major European powers of the time, led on 9 June 1815 to the signing of the final act of the Congress of Vienna, a document of one hundred and twenty-one articles written in three hundred leaflets throwing the foundations of a new order. Among the innovations agreed in Vienna were new rules governing diplomatic relations, such as the official titles given to the various categories of State representatives and the precedence of States in alphabeticalRead MoreThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand715 Words   |  3 PagesThe Crisis of France and Talleyrand: Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (in short, Talleyrand) was born in February 1754 in Paris into a family background of power, ancient nobility, and wealth since his father held a high position in the French Royal army. Since his childhood, Talleyrand suffered from certain physical distortion in the feet that contributed to an impaired physical mobility. As a result, he had some limitations on his possible future career to an extent that he was formallyRead MoreThe Treaty Of Versailles And The Great Period Of Peace1831 Words   |  8 Pageswould rely more on naked power than on shared values† (Kissinger, 1994 page 94). In world history we can reflect on two treaties that had the intention to achieve the same goal of stability; however they had diverse approaches. Henry Kissinger and other proponents of The Congress of Vienna argue that the great period of peace in Europe, between all great powers, was successful in creating longevity in peace due to the realist theories encompassed in The Congress of Vienna. Further, many realists alsoRead MoreFrance - Change over Time Essay (French Revolution)1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe social and political changes in France were best characterized by three different periods - the weak monarchy of King Louis XVI and the subsequent period of confusion after his removal from power, the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte and his downfall, and the new order brought about by the Congress of Vienna; central to these changes were Enlightenment influence, nationalism, and France s relations with other countries. However, despite the great social upheavals of this time period, gender roles

The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America

1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and is a perfect example of how the upper class becomes billionaires. The wealth Disparity can also be seen in areas like Sao Paulo, Brazil with their slums. With this wage gap, crime started to flourish in Latin amerce along with corruption. Some of the best examples of crime and corruption are the Colombian drug cartels with their widespread murder and bribery tactics. Politic violence also affected Latin America like revolutions and other up raising the government would shift and political power would change every few years. The common assassination of politic enemies for cartels often changed the Latin America diplomatic landscape. 2. How did Peru and Nicaragua differ in terms of Indian acceptance of leftism in the 1970s and 1980s? Why? In the 1980’s Peru was a hotbed of leftist activity due to the fact of Peru majority was contested of Indians who lived in poverty. Some of the reasons for the left wing politics were debated the inequality, social privilege and Marginalization theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Major Economic Problems That Have Plagued Latin America?889 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are the major economic problems that have plagued Latin America in the 20th century? During the 20th century Latin America went through a change after the U.S made the clam to directly defend Latin America. This caused a sudden trade switch from the Europe nation to the U.S. With this trade switch we start to see a big gap between the lower and upper class. With this gap the poor gets poorer and the rich become Carlos Slim. Carlos Slim was the world’s richest person form 2010-2013 and isRead MoreMy Presentation On Cultural Development1569 Words   |  7 Pagesworld that provides the people with knowledge thr ough technology like for instance Japan, which is a huge developing country. A country’s cultural development is measured by The Human Development Index (HDI) that gives an overall of its social and economic situation to include life expectancy at birth, adjusted gross domestic product per capita, and education within the schooling and literacy system. I’m sure that all of us at some point want to know our backgrounds of where and how culture developedRead MoreEssay on Import Substitution Industrialization1742 Words   |  7 PagesAround the 1930s, Brazil and Latin American began following the process of Import Substitution Industrialization, which lasted until the end of the 1980s. The ISI policies devaluated the currency in order to boost exports and discourage imports, followed by adopting different exchange rates for goods (Watkins). ISI in Brazil had an interesting effect; it created a three-prong system of governmental, private, and foreign capital being direc ted at the infrastructure and heavy industry, manufacturingRead MoreA Country Risk Assessments, Mitigation Strategies And Analysis For Myanmar, Mexico And Turkey Countries1741 Words   |  7 PagesSUMMER 2015 CM 565 MANAGING INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS Assignment: Political and Economic Situation ___________________________________________________________ NOTE: Complete country risk assessments, mitigation strategies and analysis for Myanmar, Mexico and Turkey Countries are based considering Acme Overseas Contractors. 1. POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND POLITICAL RISKS IN EACH COUNTRY: (a.) Myanmar (Burma): Political Structure: Myanmar has been ruled by the military Junta from mid 20th century toRead MoreColombia Essay.1417 Words   |  6 PagesColombia is a country in South America in the northwestern part of the continent. Colombia has a lot of natural resources, including beautiful beaches, dramatic mountains, and lush rain forests, but it is known for its political unrest and the violent influence of powerful drug cartels. Despite a long history of democratic government, Colombia has one of the most rigidly stratified class systems in Latin America. Colombia is the only country in South America with coasts on both the Caribbean SeaRead MoreRural Urban Migration Is An Inevitable Component Of The Development Process1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes not necessarily have to result in opposing impacts with the right mix of policies, this process can occur at a socially acceptable level. However, the misrepresentation of opportunities in favor of cities in most developing countries, the costs associated with r ural-urban migration often outweigh the benefits, which lead to excessive urbanization with special emphasis on the causes and consequences of rural-urban migration, and their relationship with urbanization and economic growth. Keeping intoRead MoreThe Quest For Room By William Barney1151 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction In William Barney’s article, â€Å"The Quest for Room,† he analyzes the differing opinions between the North and South regarding the expansion of slavery into the newly acquired Western territories. The author argues that the West would have been important to slaveholders as a place to expand slavery if the territories had not been free-soil. The reason for this article was to show us how prominent the sectional differences were in the nineteenth century because of the argument over slaveryRead MoreDeveloped and Developing Countries1618 Words   |  7 Pages Have you ever heard of developed countries and developing countries, or first world and third world countries? Just a basic overview before I go into detail, developed countries have a matured financial system, this includes the US and Canada, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and South Korea. Developing countries are emerging markets across Asia, Latin America and Africa. And undeveloped countries ar e mainly African nations which remain vastly poor, such as Mali and Somalia. BeforeRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Pres. Noynoy Aquino’s Government1599 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world in the late 1980s including Latin America and eastern Europe. Cory Aquino’s Presidency and that of her Christian-Democrat successor Fidel Ramos brought a period of relative democratic stability, and some economic growth, to a country that had been plagued for decades by the plunder and undemocratic rule of Ferdinand Marcos and his cronies. However, Ramos was succeeded by the incapable populist and former film actor Joseph Estrada, whose rule was plagued by accusations of corruption and plunderRead MoreWorld Hunger And The Possible Solutions1513 Words   |  7 PagesHunger and the Possible Solutions World hunger has been a problem that has plagued to world for as long as anyone can remember; people have also tried to end it for that long as well. This problem also has the problem of people not understanding it correctly. THE PROBLEM OF WORLD HUNGER HAS YET TO BE APPROACHED SUCCESSFULLY AND ACTION NEEDS TO BE DECISIVELY TAKEN First, it is important to understand that the lack of food is not the problem. The world has been producing enough food for every person

Costs and Diversity of Product

Question: Howmanufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased? Explain. Answer: According to Cooper and Kaplan (1988), as the manufacturing overhead costs of a company increased as a proportion of the total costs and diversity of product-line increased, the assumptions of traditional cost system gets violated. They indicated that although, support department costs have been considered fixed but they actually varied and were driven by product-line diversity and complexities of activities (operating) like inspection, handling, set-up etc. This complexity can be handled by the support departments when they are larger and sophisticated. Since, low-volume products associates more with such transactions per unit than the high-volume products, it can result in cross-subsidization that is the high-volume products can be allocated more overhead by subsidizing the low-volume ones. Outputs of support depaartments can increase as most of it involves human activities and eventually, the maximum output of department is reached and further personnel are requested. As this requ est rises with an increase in output, the support department grows intermittently. The cost of complexity concept is not used in the traditional concept of cost systems because both are different methods for allocating overhead costs to products. The traditional cost accounting model or system puzzles the underlying relationship between the ranges of different products produced and the size or magnitude of support departments. Cooper and Kaplan argued that the traditional cost systems used volume related bases in order to allocate manufacturing overhead and hence led to material misreporting of the product costs. Also, as the cost of support departments is treated as fixed, this concept makes it problematic to realize that these costs are varying systematically (Cooper Kaplan, 1988). As the traditional cost accounting systems were not considered accurate because they may result in over-costing or under-costing, Cooper and Kaplan decided to aware people of a comprehensive cost system so that it can incorporate even the long-term variable costs of marketing and manufacturing of every products or product-line, thereby resulting in a much efficient basis for managerial decision-making on discontinuing, pricing, reengineering and introducing product lines. The cost system can also facilitate in the smooth running of a business, hence generating sustainable advantages for the business. Previously, managers in companies made significant decisions on pricing and product mix etc on the basis of distorted information on cost and alternative methods rarely existed to alert the managers about the flaw in cost information (Maher, 2005). Another reason behind this article was that previously management accounting mainly concentrated on cost information for making short-run dec isions and the most relevant aspect of decision on products got avoided (Don Maryanne, 2006). The thinking of people regarding the cost behavior needed to be changed as it was ineffective and hence, two relevant changes needed to be made through this article. Firstly, the cost allocation from the pool of costs to products was required to be achieved as overhead costs were driven by production complexities and not volume of production and secondly, the overhead costs varied with variations in production complexities but these variations were actually intermittent in nature. Hence, to sum up, Cooper and Kaplan wrote this article so that the flaws of the traditional accounting system could be neglected and the benefits of a comprehensive cost system could be informed to the people in order to facilitate better decision making in their processes. is very important in every business whether it be related to pricing, product-mix etc. Accounting managers were making a mistake in their decisions as they relied on the distorted cost information and this paper successfully fulfills its objective in informing people about the relevance of a comprehensive cost system. People must read the paper because it not only comprises of information on the benefits of a comprehensive cost accounting system but also comprises of the flaws that are present in the traditional system of cost accounting (Drury, 2011). Readers can learn that in the present scenario, marketing channels and product lines have become proliferated. Direct labor represents only a small portion of corporate costs whereas marketing expenses, distribution expenses etc have risen but still many of the companies allocate these increasing overhead by their decreasing base of direct labor. These simple approaches are no longer required and can prove dangerous especially in this era of global competition and innovative production technologies (Lanen et. al, 2008). As a matter of fact, people were aware that decision-making was a key factor of the success of a business and many managers were even aware that their systems of accounting distorted product costs but they were unaware of the impact of the decisions they would be making (Horngren, 2011). Hence, an effective system was urgently needed so that the product costs could be measured and could also be assigned to product the costs of complexities. References Cooper, Robin Kaplan, Robert S. How Cost Accounting Distorts Product Costs Management Accounting 69(1988): 10. Print Don R. H Maryanne, M. M. Cost Management Accounting Control. : Thomas South-Western, 2006. Print Drury, C. Cost and management accounting. Andover, Hampshire, UK: South-Western Cengage Learning, 2011. Print Horngren, C. Cost accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia, 2011. Print Lanen, W. N., Anderson, S Maher, M. W. Fundamentals of cost accounting. NY: Hang Loose press, 2008. Print Maher, L. Fundamentals of Cost Accounting. McGraw-Hill, 2005. Print

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay Example

Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 Essay In answering this question I propose to examine the key areas of leadership, the economy, then see how this affected politics and follow this up by looking at foreign relations. 1924 saw the emergence of two figures in key posts that were to contribute to Weimar stability between these years: Stresemann and Hindenburg. Both had militarist and nationalist backgrounds but similarly both were intelligent enough to realise that co-operation and discourse were preferable to civil war and economic suffering. Stresemann masterminded Germanys period of diplomatic tension and isolation whilst Hindenburg offered a presidency that was balanced and tactfully administered. Both men were acceptable as leaders to the majority of German people for the time being. These men seemed acceptable to the allies whose goodwill was of paramount importance for German to recover between 24-29. Economically, the country re-gained some stability immediately when H. Luther changed the Mark over to the Rentenmark in 24. This was achieved without gold reserves but industry and agriculture offered some security and this was accepted as international currency. Unemployment began to subside and industrial output returned to levels not seen since 1913. Trading agreements (such as the Rappallo with the USSR) offered further investment opportunities abroad. A full return to the gold standard was enabled by the Dawes Plan (loans were also provided) and it also gave the economy breathing space as reparations were scaled down to fit in with economic output. We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Account for the political stability of the Weimar between 1924-29 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Politically, this was a quieter time for the Weimar. Why? Simply because the republic seemed to be gaining success. Middle ground parties dominated the Reichstag and the three main nationalist parties (DNVP, NSDAP and KPD) only received 30% of votes cast in the 1927? election. The D. N. V. P was traditionally supported by industrialists, but given the economic upturn most were quite happy to allow the republic run freely. A referendum called for by the NSDAP and others to pillory the government for treason only received 14% of votes cast in favour. 1924 also saw Germany move away from the policy of obstruction and non-co-operation that had dogged the republics early years. Beginning with J. Wirth, a co-operative policy of fulfilment or Erfsfullpolitick was pursued. Stresemann continued this policy with three aims in mind: to modify Versailles; to end German diplomatic isolation and finally to restore sovereignty. By 1931, all three had been more or less achieved. The expressions of the Erfsfullpolitick were a series of pacts and treaties that bore foreign success. As mentioned above, the Rappallo Pact gave the economy a nudge but may also have nudged the allies into a desire to involve Germany more in world affairs in preference to Soviet dominance. The Dawes plan was the first expression and the Young Plan further supported this in 29 (both scaled down reparations). The Locarno Pact ratified Germanys western borders whilst still allowing her to pursue claims in the east. A return to League of Nations membership in 26? Saw the French foreign minister Briand, welcome Stresemann as an equal. The reparations were legally curtailed in 31 after Brunigs application for a Moratorium to the U. S. In conclusion, Weimar political stability between 24-29 can be explained by a combination of inspired leadership, supported by foreign goodwill and input which in turn promoted economic buoyancy which led to political calm.

Summer Prep for Every Grade in High School

What should you do as a high school student over the summer? If thats a question youre asking yourself, relax. Spend your summer break wisely, meaning find a good balance between enjoying your time off to recharge while looking ahead to adequately prepare for the school year. Rising FreshmenStarting freshman year in high school is a very exciting yet potentially overwhelming time. There is a sudden rush of pressure. New students, new teachers, new classes. Plus, college application preparation talk becomes increasingly common. Don’t psych yourself out. While your high school grades are important, your freshman year transcript does not carry as much weight as your latter high school years. So, take this year to really find your footing. Get involved in extracurricular activities you’ve been meaning to explore, and try out for the sports team you’ve always wanted to compete in. There isn’t much for you to prepare other than a positive mindset to start this n ew chapter in your life! Rising SophomoresNow, that you’ve been around the block once, it’s time to get more serious about your courses.Consider what subjects you want to take next year. Are AP classes something you want to consider? Evaluate your freshman year extracurricular involvement. Do you want to continue those or explore new ones? Learn about the SAT ACT standardized tests. This summer is the perfect time for you to reflect on your first year and make a plan for high school. The focus of your preparation this summer is really just re-adjusting your high school plans now that you know what to expect. Then, it’s learning about what opportunities are out there for you after high school. Familiarize yourself with different parts of the college application process. Think about whether college is an option for you. Start considering what you need to do to set yourself up to pursue higher education, if that’s what you want to do. Rising Juniors Things are about to get busy. This summer is best spent on all the heavy lifting prep work you can do, so you can lessen the load during the school year. Plan to meet with your high school counselor. Assess your financial needs if higher education is on the horizon. Learn about FAFSA. Prepare for the SAT/ACT. Whether this means starting to study or just learning about future test dates, get these tests on your radar. Start a rough list of colleges you’re interested in with special focus on the factors that make those colleges interesting to you. Be realistic about your course load and AP classesstrike a healthy balance of course rigor. Understand the different college application programs available to you. This is the first time you should really consider preparing for the SAT or the ACT. By the end of your sophomore year, you’ll have learned most of the concepts tested on both of the exams and will be prepared to start studying. If you need SAT or ACT test prep help, we recommend working with Magoosh. They are an online test prep that can help you reach your target score. To start studying for the SAT or the ACT, it’s important to have a target score you are aiming for. This target score should come from the list of colleges you’re interested in. This doesn’t have to be a set list of colleges you are going to apply to. In fact, this list will probably continue changing until well into your senior year. Your junior year grades matter the most, especially if you’re applying early. Your senior year transcript will not be evaluated yet, so it’s important to have a course load that demonstrates academic rigor without completely overwhelming yourself. Take into account of your extracurriculars, SAT or ACT studying, as well as other obligations; then plan your course schedule accordingly. Rising Seniors Summer before senior year is probably one with a lot more pressure. You’re faced with application deadlines and a seemingly never-ending checklist of things to do to get your college applications done. But, that’s also why you have your summer to prepare and make your senior year as manageable as possible. Plan your college campus visits or find ways to connect with current college students (check out our mentoring feature). Find and apply for scholarships. Brainstorm your college essay. Narrow down your college list. Be realistic about your course load and AP classes for senior year. The summer break gives you a lot of time to really knock a lot of the stuff off your list of to-dos before school starts up again. By now, hopefully, you’ve already taken your SAT or ACT. If not, this would be the opportunity to study for it and take it before school starts. (Magoosh offers a great study plan.) Get a head start on your scholarship applications. You may not yet have narrowed down your college list, so as youre still figuring out where to apply, apply to scholarships over the summer to work toward a financially feasible college outcome. Writing scholarship applications often also inspires students to write their personal statements for college. Just as you would the summer before junior year, you should also evaluate and be realistic about your course schedule for your senior year, especially the fall semester! Keep in mind how much time youll have to dedicate to working on your college applications. You will need to carve out time from any sports and extracurriculars youre committed to. Go with a rigorous schedule that you can handle with all the other competing interests in the Fall. Take advantage of your summer breaks! If you need additional help, you can download our free 4-year PDF guide to help you stay on track. Need profile access? Ourpremium plansoffer different levels of profile access and data insights that can help you with your application process. Unlock any of ourpackagesor search ourundergraduate profile databaseto find specific profiles that can help you make an informed choice about where to apply!

Seed priming technique Essays

Seed priming technique Essays Seed priming technique Paper Seed priming technique Paper Abstraction Seed priming is a technique by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen. Priming can be found effectual both for leguminous plants and grain harvests. A pot experiment was conducted under green house conditions at Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi during summer of 2007. The seeds were invigorated by traditional soakage ( hydropriming ) , osmo-conditioning ( soaking of seeds in aerated, low-water-potential solutions ) utilizing, potassium di-hydrogen phosphate KH2PO4, Mannitol, Polyethylene ethanediol ( PEG ) , sodium molybdate ( Na2MO4.2H2O ) and hormonal priming by utilizing salicylic acid ( SA ) . The scopes of osmotic potency for all the priming interventions were -0.5 to -1.2 M Pa. All the animation interventions significantly affected works energy, biomass, root, shoot length and nodulation. Osmopriming utilizing P @ 0.60 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 significantly improved seed energy in footings of average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 to 4.51 yearss ) , concluding sprouting per centum ( 74 to 89 % ) root and shoot length and nodulation ( 0 to 4 nodules seedling-1 ) followed by Osmitrol priming ( Mannitol @ 2 % ) . Overall all the seed priming techniques significantly improved the energy of mungbean seedlings as comparison to command. The usage of polythene ethanediol is expensive and gave similar consequences as for dry seeding so it should be replaced by hydropriming in farther experiments. It is recommended that nutrient-priming and osmopriming can be used as effectual tool for animation of mungbean seeds, for better growing and seedling constitution. Cardinal words: Osmo-priming, hydropriming, Vigna radiata, seedling energy, nodulation Introduction Seed priming is a pattern by which seeds are partly hydrated to a point where sprouting processes begin but extremist outgrowth does non happen ( Harris et al. , 2000 ) . Seed priming can be found effectual for legumes i.e. , outputs of Mungbean and Chickpea were increased well by priming seeds for 8 H before seeding ( Harris et al. , 1999 ; Musa et al. , 2001 ; Rashid et al. , 2004 ) . Mungbean ( Vigna radiata ( L. ) Wilczek ) is grown on over 200,000 hour angle with production of more than 100,000 T under rainfed and irrigated conditions in Pakistan. Outputs for the rainfed country are by and large low and variable due to sparse, fickle rainfall and fringy dirts. Mungbean production in Punjab Province is dependent chiefly on surface irrigation but it is besides grown under rain fed conditions. In the Southern part of Pakistan rainfall is bare and mungbean is grown with surface irrigation merely. Poor harvest constitution is a major restraint for mungbean production ( Naseem et. al. , 1997 ; Rahmianna et al. , 2000 ) and high outputs can be associated with early energy ( Kumar et al. , 1989 ) . Improved seed animation techniques are being used to cut down the sprouting clip, to acquire synchronised sprouting, better sprouting rate, and better seedling base in many horticultural ( Bradford et al. 1990 ; Rudrapal and Nakamura 1998 ) and field harvests like wheat, corn ( Aquilla and Tritto 1991 ; Basra et Al. 2002 ) and more late rice ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These animation techniques include hydropriming, osmoconditioning ( Basra et al. 2005 ) , osmohardening ( Farooq et al. 2006 ) and indurating ( Farooq et al. 2004 ) . These interventions can besides be employed for earlier and better babys room base constitution ( Lee et al. 1998 ) . This survey was initiated to research the effects of aerated hydration, hormonal priming ( salicylic acid ) , alimentary priming ( Phosphorous and molybdenum burden ) and osmo-conditioning on mungbean ( vigna radiata ) seed energy under green house conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seed stuff Seeds of mungbean cultivar Chakwal Mung-97 ( CH-MUNG 97 ) were obtained from Barani Agricultural Research Institute ( BARI ) , Chakwal. The seeds were sterilized by utilizing 30 % hypochlorite for five proceedingss and so washed three times with distilled H2O. Seed Treatments The following seed priming interventions were applied Food priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of phosphoric ( P @ 0.60 A ; 1.20 % ) and molybdate ( Mo @ 0.02 A ; 0.04 % ) . The beginnings for phosphoric and Mo were potassium dihydrogen phosphate ( KH2PO4 ) and sodium molybdate ( Na2MoO4.2H2O ) , severally. Osmopriming The seeds were soaked in aerated solutions of Osmitrol ( mannitol @ 2 % A ; 4 % ) and polyethylene glycole ( Polyethylene glycol @ 5 % A ; 10 % ) . Hormonal priming The seeds were soaked in aerated solution of salicylic acid ( SA @ 10 A ; 20 ppm ) Post intervention operations After seed treatments the seeds were given surface rinsing three times by distilled H2O. Aeration was besides applied by pump. Air dried dirt was placed in 10-cm tall plastic pots with 6-cm diameter. The dirt used in the pot experiment was flaxen loam holding pH of 7.9. Dirt was made crumbly by rubing the surface with a two centimeter broad table fork to a deepness of 1-cm of moist dirt. The seeds were besides inoculated before seeding. Ten Numberss of seeds were planted in each pot and thinned to six workss per pot. Similar sum of H2O applied in regular intervals to all pots under survey. The workss were harvested 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) , and seedlings root/shoot length were taken. The seedlings were dried at 75 oC for 48 hours and the dry affair was eventually determined. The complete randomized design ( CRD ) was used in pot experiment. Analysis of discrepancy ( ANOVA ) was used to compare intervention agencies. Consequence The information showed that different seed priming interventions had important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence on average outgrowth clip ( MET ) . The average outgrowth clip decreased with the application of seed priming interventions. Maximal average outgrowth clip ( 5.52 yearss ) observed in T1 ( control ) where dry untreated seeds were sown. Minimum ( 4.51 yearss ) MET was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.06 % applied in the signifier of KH2PO4 ) . All the interventions resulted in lower MET as comparison to command ( 5.52 yearss ) . The information besides revealed similar tendency with regard to fifty per centum ( E50 ) seeds to emerge as of MET. The lowest E50 was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on dry weight of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . The maximal fresh and dry weight was obtained in T5. All the priming interventions increased the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings except T2 and T12. Equally far as concluding sprouting is concerned maximal sprouting was achieved in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) . The lowest sprouting per centum was observed in T11 and T12 where polythene ethanediol was applied at the rate of five ( 5 ) and ten ( 10 ) per centum ( Table 1 ) . There was important ( p lt ; 0.05 ) consequence of different seed priming techniques on nodule formation and figure of 21 yearss old seedlings ( Fig 1 ) . All the priming techniques significantly increased the nodulation of seedlings as comparison to command except T10 and T12. Maximum nodule figure was observed in T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) followed by T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) . The information besides depicts that T9 and T11 are at par and T1, T10 and T12 gave similar consequences. The information depicts that seed priming had important impact on the root every bit good as shoot length, 21 yearss after seeding ( DAS ) . All the priming interventions significantly increased the root every bit good as shoot length of seedlings. The information revealed that T5 ( P @ 0.60 % ) and T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) gave the best consequences. The lowest root length ( 4.56 centimeter ) was observed in control. T4 ( Mo @ 0.04 % ) showed lower root length than T2 and T3 ( Mo @ 0.02 % ) and higher from control. Treatment T6 ( P @ 1.2 % ) showed lower root length than T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) and at par with T1 and T4. Hormonal priming utilizing salicylic acid ( SA @ 20 ppm ) besides showed lower root length than T7 ( SA @ 10 ppm ) and at par with T4 and T6. The information besides showed that T10 ( mannitol @ 4 % ) is lower than T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) and at par with T7. The information besides depicts that T12 ( PEG @ 10 % ) showed lower root length as comparison to T11 ( PEG @ 5 % ) whic h showed besides higher root length than all other interventions except T2 and T9 ( Figure 1 ) . Maximal shoot length observed in the T5 ( P @ 0.06 % ) followed by T9 ( mannitol @ 2 % ) . The information besides depicts the shortest shoot length was observed in the control. The information besides revealed that T4 resulted in lower shoot length than T3 and T2. It is besides apparent that T6 is lower than T5 and at par with T3 and T2 ( Figure 1 ) . T8 showed higher shoot length than T7 and at par with T2, T3 and T6. Treatments T9 and T10 and T11, T12 besides showed similar consequences. Discussion Earlier and more unvarying sprouting and outgrowth was observed in fit seeds as indicated by lower MET and E50, higher sprouting per centum and root and shoot dry weight ( tables 1 ) . Lesser MET and E50 specify the earlier and rapid sprouting. These findings support the anterior work on canola ( Brassica compestris ) ( Zheng et al. , 1994 ) , wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) ( Nayyar et al. , 1995 ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) ( Lee and Kim 2000 ; Basra et al. , 2003 ) who described improved sprouting rate and per centum in seeds subjected to hydropriming and seed hardening for 24 H. This survey revealed that osmo, food and hormonal priming could inspire mungbean seeds. One of the grounds for reduced MET is that during pre-sowing seed treatments the quiescence of the seed is broken and the seed bio-chemical procedures commences, which lead to faster sprouting and outgrowth ( Farooq et al. , 2006 ) . Seed priming ensured the proper hydration, which resulted in enhanced activity of a-amylase that hydrolyzed the macro amylum molecules in to smaller and simple sugars. The handiness of instant nutrient to the shooting seed gave a vigorous start as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds ( Farooq et al.,2006 ) during priming de novo synthesis of a-amylase is besides documented ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . Early outgrowth as indicated by lower E50 and MET in treated seeds may be due to the faster production of sprouting metabolites ( Saha et al. 1990 ; Lee A ; Kim 2000 ; Basra et Al. 2005 ) and better familial fix, i.e. earlier and faster synthesis of DNA, RNA and p roteins ( Bray et al. 1989 ) . Gray and Steckel ( 1983 ) besides concluded that priming increased embryo length, which resulted in early induction of sprouting in carrot seeds. The increased shoot and root length in fit workss can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and decrease of slowdown clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . Treated seeds had stronger embryos that were able to more easy emerge from seeds ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . These consequences are besides in line with the findings of Sekiya et Al. ( 2009 ) who reported enhanced root and shoot length of seedlings obtained from P enriched seeds. To lend to works growing and development seed priming has been widely reported technique ( Harris et al. , 2005 ) . Ajouri et Al. ( 2004 ) reported a stimulation of P and Zn uptake, every bit good as an improved sprouting and seedling growing in barley after soaking seeds in H2O and in solutions incorporating 5-500 millimeter P. It has been besides reported fresh seeds had higher energy degrees ( Ruan et al. 2002 ) , which resulted in earlier start of outgrowth as high energies seed tonss performed better than low vigour 1s ( Hampton and Tekrony 1995 ) . Yamauchi and Winn ( 1996 ) besides reported positive correlativity between seed energies and field public presentation in rice. Earlier, Zheng et Al. ( 2002 ) reported earlier and unvarying outgrowth in rice seeds osmoprimed with KCl and CaCl2 and assorted salts under afloat conditions. Hydropriming improved the early and vigorous harvest constitution in corn ( Nagar et al. 1998 ) and Helichrysum bracteatum L. ( Grzesik A ; Nowak 1998 ) . However, other surveies resulted in hapless outgrowth from hydroprimed Kentucky blue grass seeds under field conditions ( Pill A ; Necker 2001 ) . However Nascimento and West ( 1999 ) reported early sprouting of fit seeds but non recorded any betterment in the growing of seedlings in sweet melon seeds under research lab conditions. Confusing consequences, where priming did non demo any good consequences, besides reported by different research workers ( Mwale et al. , 2003 ; Giri and Schillinger, 2003 ) . The addition of nodulation, seedling energy and tolerance to emphasiss may depend on assorted factors happening during priming intervention. One hypothesis is that benefits of priming can be due to metabolic fix of harm during intervention and that alteration in sprouting events i.e. , alterations in enzyme concentration and formation and reduces lag clip between imbibition and radicle outgrowth ( Bradford et al. , 1990 ) . One of the possible grounds for early nodule formation may be due to enhanced activity of a-amylase and sucrose synthase in primed seeds which may ease works growing and energy ( Lee and Kim, 2000 ) . From the present survey it may be concluded that seed priming may heighten the seedling energy of mungbean. Nutrient priming utilizing phosphoric and osmopriming with Osmitrols were the most efficient priming interventions in this survey. In farther research work biochemical footing for the enhanced phenology of mungbean may be evaluated. Mentions Aquilla D. A. , V. Tritto. 1991. Germination and biochemical activities in wheat seeds following delayed harvest home, ageing and osmotic priming. 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M A. , Farooq, M. and Tabassum, R. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33:623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. and Khaliq, A.2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci.1:5-9. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Hafeez, K and Ahmed, N.2004.Osmohardening: A new technique for rice seed animation. Inter. Rice Res.Notes.27:74-75. Basra, S.M.A. , Farooq, M. , Tabassum, R. and Ahmed, N. 2005. Physiological and biochemical facets of seed energy sweetening interventions in all right rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Seed Sci.Tech.33: 623-628. Basra, S.M.A. , M. Farooq and A. Khaliq. 2003.Comparative survey of pre-sowing seed sweetening interventions in indica rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) . Pakistan J. Life Soc.Sci.1: 5-9. 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The untouchable Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The untouchable - Essay Example It seems that in the story, Anand tried to give Bakha, the protagonist, a glimpse of hope for change. An example is when Bakha tried to wear some trousers just as the kind British Tommies that he worked for. Bakha for a moment believed that he could be better than his fellow outcasts; he was "possessed with an overwhelming desire to live their life" (Anand 11). At this part of the story, we could see how the main character actually had imagined, or perhaps had such a motivation to actually be someone other than an untouchable. Seeing how kind the Tommies actually treated him made him feel that he is not just another useless person in the world. But such dream is immediately dispersed when his community mocked his appearance. Through out the story we can see Bhaka’s struggle and his silent rebellion. His complex character continues to evolve as he tries his best to find for other possible alternatives to remove his undesirable disgrace. He was given three possible choices to re move his untouchable status, first was to become a Christian, but he did not understand the â€Å"idea of being called a sinner† (130) nor did he grasp the idea of confessing his sins.